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In the last ten years (2009-2019), flooding caused the death of
over 48,000 people, and affected over 697 million people globally.
This is expected to increase as a result of climate change,
population growth and urbanisation. Floods can cause infections due
to the release of water-borne pathogens from surcharged combined
sewers and other sources of faecal contamination on urban surfaces
such as concrete, asphalt, gravel, pavement, playground rubber
tiles and grass. Using laboratory experiments with faecal indicator
bacteria Escherichia coli, and with Bacillus subtilis spores, and
MS2 bacteriophages under controlled exposure to simulated sunlight,
this research contributes towards a better understanding of the
environmental parameters that affect the concentration of pathogens
in contaminated shallow water bodies and on different urban
surfaces. Also, several sampling methods are assessed for the
recovery of bacteria from flood-prone urban surfaces. This study
suggests that given the sunlight conditions after an urban flood,
the concentration of indicator organisms and of total suspended
solids and the surface type it is possible to estimate the fate of
selected pathogens. The observations and results presented in this
study contribute to the development of policy-making tools for
rapid implementation of appropriate measures to mitigate public
health risks after flooding. This book: - highlights the relation
of urban floods with water-borne diseases. -stresses for the first
time the importance of urban surfaces (pavement, concrete, asphalt,
etc.) on the inactivation of water-borne pathogens. -provides
equations that can be used to develop policy-making tools for
implementation of appropriate measures to mitigate public health
risks after flooding.
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