Biodegradation and Biodeterioration at the Nanoscale describes the biodegradation and biodeterioration of materials in the presence of nanomaterials. The book's chapters focus on the basic principles, action mechanisms and promising applications of advanced nanomaterials, along with their integration with biotechnological processes for controlled degradation and deterioration of materials. In addition, the current research indications, positive or negative environmental impacts, legislation and future directions are also discussed. This book is an important reference source for researchers, engineers and scientists working in environmental remediation, biotechnology, materials science, corrosion and nanotechnology.

Livestock is an important component of agriculture sector and contributes colossally in the national economy of Pakistan. Among livestock water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is very important because of its high milk yield to meet the protein requirement of the growing Pakistani population. However, gastrointestinal trematodes parasite especially Gastrothylax crumenifer is a main cause for health hazards in buffalo of central Punjab. In this study prevalence and identification of Gastrothylax crumenifer was carried out by visiting local abattoirs of Rawalpindi-Islamabad. A total of 265 rumens and reticulum of buffaloes was examined for the presence of Gastrothylax crumenifer. The trematodes were preserved in 70% alcohol for identification based on its morphological characteristics. The results of present study revealed that 18.8 percent Gastrothylax crumenifer infection was recorded in central Punjab. The correlation between worm burden and area was found to be non-significant (p > 0.05) indicating the presence of trematode in all districts of study area.

Livestock is an important component of agriculture sector of Pakistan and contributing significantly in its national economy. However, gastrointestinal trematodes parasite especially Paramphistomum cervi is accountable for health hazards in buffalo of central Punjab. In this study prevalence and identification of Paramphistomum cervi was carried out by visiting local abattoirs of Rawalpindi-Islamabad. A total of 289 rumens and reticulum of buffaloes was examined for the presence of Paramphistomum cervi. The trematodes were preserved in 70% alcohol for identification based on its morphological characteristics. The results of present study revealed that out of 17.3 percent Paramphistomum cervi infection was recorded in central Punjab. The correlation between worm burden and area was found to be non-significant (p > 0.05) indicating the presence of trematode in all districts of study area.There are several factors contributing in the survival and development of P. cervi in central Punjab including the availability of fresh water snails serving as intermediate host, existence of extensive water channel system and poor grazing management of animals being practices in these areas.

The topic of the research was comparative study between PIA and Emirates on service quality and customer satisfaction. The purpose of the research was to investigate the relationship between two variables. The sample size of the research was sixty (60). The tool for data collection was a well designed questionnaire. Five point Likert (1-5) scale was used to measure the responses. Simple random sampling technique was used to collect data. Initially descriptive statistics was used and frequency distribution for questions was established. In the second phase, the effect of different indicators of service quality on customer satisfaction was analyzed through correlation. It was concluded that customer satisfaction is positively related with the service quality. The present study showed that the correlation values for Reliability, Assurance, Responsiveness, Empathy, Tangible, Food and Entertainment of Emirates were greater than PIA which indicated better service quality of Emirates. The results revealed that the organization must focus on all these indicators of service quality in order to maximize the customer satisfaction.

The data about the major causes of hypertension of approximately one hundred patients of hypertension was collected by interviewing them at Sughra Shafih Medical Complex, Narowal. The data had been analysed to determine the relative occurrence and incidence of hypertension and effects of various causes. The analysis shows that hypertensive patients were more prevalent (60%, n=60/100), and non hypertensive patients were less prevalent (40%, n=40/100). The prevalence of hypertension was more in females (64.00%) as compared to males (34.00%). The major risk factors of hypertension were diabetes, obesity and over weight, tension, smoking. Some females were hypertensive during pregnancy. High cholesterol level also contributes to hypertension. In our sample out of hypertensive patients 42% were diabetic, 25% were obese, 10% were smokers, 16.6% were hypertensive because to tension and 7% females were hypertensive during pregnancy. Known as "the silent killer," it may exist for prolonged periods in the individual without symptoms and may manifest only after causing serious irreversible pathology and complications.