The data about the major causes of hypertension of approximately one hundred patients of hypertension was collected by interviewing them at Sughra Shafih Medical Complex, Narowal. The data had been analysed to determine the relative occurrence and incidence of hypertension and effects of various causes. The analysis shows that hypertensive patients were more prevalent (60%, n=60/100), and non hypertensive patients were less prevalent (40%, n=40/100). The prevalence of hypertension was more in females (64.00%) as compared to males (34.00%). The major risk factors of hypertension were diabetes, obesity and over weight, tension, smoking. Some females were hypertensive during pregnancy. High cholesterol level also contributes to hypertension. In our sample out of hypertensive patients 42% were diabetic, 25% were obese, 10% were smokers, 16.6% were hypertensive because to tension and 7% females were hypertensive during pregnancy. Known as "the silent killer," it may exist for prolonged periods in the individual without symptoms and may manifest only after causing serious irreversible pathology and complications.

The design of bridges is a unique art as they are expected to carry moving loads compared to the statically loaded structures. Mere training in code procedures and special design skills are inadequate for successful professional practice. Thorough understanding of basic concepts and response characteristics of various structural elements is necessary for professional bridge designers. This book encompasses the manual and computer aided design of prestressed concrete bridges. Besides explaining the detailed design procedures for designing various components of prestressed concrete girder bridge; this book also focuses on the basic concepts and definitions of various bridge components. The theory of prestressing with its merits and demerits is also discussed in detail. The manual design procedure of different members of prestressed concrete bridges is explained in a comprehensive and step-by-step manner. Illustrations are used to explain the computer aided design method. The design and analysis results are compared in the end and discussions are made in order to explain the reasons for possible discrepancies.