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Typology lies at the centre of scientific research on language
because it directly addresses the question which many consider to
be the most important in the field: why and how are all languages
similar and why and how do they differ from each other? There is
growing body of evidence that the constraints on variation found in
the languages of the world, i.e. the degree to which the
grammatical properties are universal or language-specific, are not
random: they follow certain predictable patterns which require
explanation. Explanatory principles are typically derived from more
general structural regularities of languages, appropriate
assumptions about language development, language acquisition and
human cognition, as well as functional principles that drive
language use. They are therefore crucial to our understanding of
language in its relation to human nature, history and culture.
Given its theoretical importance and the fact that almost any
aspect of human language can be studied typologically, typology is
a broad discipline which extends across all branches of
linguistics. However, in the last few decades it has developed into
a major area of research on its own. It would not be unfair to say
that in recent years typology has been in a state of considerable
growth but also some controversy, and that it has benefited from a
variety of new exciting methods and approaches. This new four
volume collection on Linguistic Typology will be an essential
source of reference for linguists of all theoretical convictions.
It will provide a state-of-the-art overview of work on linguistic
typology, its history, its methodology, theoretical foundations and
major achievements. It will also examine the directions of current
research and show how these reflect and inform work on linguistic
theory, as well as related fields such as historical linguistics,
language acquisition and language documentation. Various empirical
issues that tend to preoccupy typologists will also be discussed.
The publication will consist of the reprints of the most important
works on linguistic typology published in the last few decades, and
will begin with a critical introduction to the subject by the
General Editor.
This volume presents an overview of the field of linguistic
typology, its history, methodology, theoretical foundations and
achievements. It focuses on the major directions of typological
research and demonstrates how they reflect and inform the study of
language as an academic enterprise.
This book provides a state-of-the-art overview of work on
linguistic typology, its history, its methodology, theoretical
foundations and major achievements. It examines the directions of
current research and shows how these reflect and inform work on
linguistic theory.
This book provides a state-of-the-art overview of work on
linguistic typology, its history, its methodology, theoretical
foundations and major achievements. It shows how the directions of
current research reflect and inform work on linguistic theory.
This new four volume collection on Linguistic Typology will be an
essential source of reference for linguists of all theoretical
convictions. It will provide a state-of-the-art overview of work on
linguistic typology, its history, its methodology, theoretical
foundations and major achievements. It will also examine the
directions of current research and show how these reflect and
inform work on linguistic theory, as well as related fields such as
historical linguistics, language acquisition and language
documentation.
Exploring the phenomenon of 'mixed categories', this book is the
first in-depth study of the way in which languages can use a noun,
as opposed to an adjective, to modify another noun. It investigates
noun-adjective hybrids - adjectives and adjective-like attributive
forms which have been derived from nouns and systematically retain
certain nominal properties. These rarely-discussed types of mixed
category raise a number of important theoretical questions about
the nature of lexemic identity, the inflection-derivation divide,
and more generally, the relationship between the structure of words
and their phrasal syntax. The book proposes a new formal framework
that models cross-linguistic and cross-constructional variation in
noun modification constructions. The framework it offers enables
readers to explicitly map word structure to syntactic structure,
providing new insights into, and impacting upon, all current
theoretical models of grammar.
In many languages, the objects of transitive verbs are either
marked by grammatical case or agreement on the verb, or they remain
unmarked: this is differential object marking. This book is a
cross-linguistic study of how differential object marking is
affected by information structure, the structuring of the utterance
in accordance with the informational value of its elements and
contextual factors. Marked objects tend to be associated with old
information or information that the sentence is about, while
unmarked objects tend to express new information. The book also
sheds light on grammatical patterning in languages with
differential object marking: in some languages marked and unmarked
objects have identical grammatical properties, whereas in other
languages marked objects are more active in syntax. Finally, it
provides a theory of the historical changes that lead to the
emergence of various patterns of differential object marking.
The book is the first substantial description of Tundra Nenets, a
highly endangered Uralic language spoken in Western Siberia and the
north of European Russia, destined for the international linguistic
community. Its purpose is to provide a thorough documentation of
all of the major grammatical phenomena in the language. The grammar
particularly emphasizes the description of syntax, because this has
traditionally been a very neglected area of Nenets studies. Many
syntactic aspects have not received a systematic treatment in the
existing literature or have not been addressed at all. Since the
existing works are not easily available, incomplete, or
idiosyncratically presented, Tundra Nenets syntax has played little
or no role in the considerations of modern linguists, whether more
descriptively or theoretically inclined. The book is largely
descriptive: it is not intended to address theoretical questions
per se and the description is not meant to be formulated within a
particular framework. However, it identifies and discusses issues
which are of broad typological and theoretical interest. The
description is richly exemplified. Most of the cited examples are
the result of fieldwork conducted by the in various locations. They
are sentences produced by native speakers either spontaneously or
elicited in response to questions posed in Russian. Other examples
are excerpts from original texts.
The Historical Dictionary of Yukaghirhas two main purposes. First,
it is intended as a relatively complete source of information on
the lexicon of Yukaghir. Tundra and Kolyma Yukaghir are closely
related, highly endangered languages spoken in the extreme
North-East of Siberia. No modern comprehensive lexicographic
description of these languages is available for the international
linguistic community. The dictionary presents all known varieties
of Yukaghir in comparative format. Some of the materials included
come from published sources, others were obtained by the author
through fieldwork and are published for the first time. The
dictionary also contains examples of now extinct early forms of
Yukaghir, which began to be recorded in the late 17th century.
Second, the dictionary provides a first reconstruction of the
common ancestor of all known Yukaghir varieties. The proto-Yukaghir
stems are established based on internal reconstruction, comparison
between various Yukaghir idioms, and external data. Although the
dictionary does not attempt to provide etymologies for all Yukaghir
words, it includes possible cognates of some Yukaghir stems from
other languages, mainly Uralic and Altaic. Since Yukaghir forms are
not only cited in their modern shape but are reconstructed, the
dictionary will provide a foundation for future etymological work
and contribute to investigating the genetic affiliation of
Yukaghir, usually classified as isolated. The book will also be
useful for linguists interested in the distant genetic relations
between language families and the reconstruction of the ethnic and
linguistic situation in prehistoric northern Asia.
Exploring the phenomenon of 'mixed categories', this book is the
first in-depth study of the way in which languages can use a noun,
as opposed to an adjective, to modify another noun. It investigates
noun-adjective hybrids - adjectives and adjective-like attributive
forms which have been derived from nouns and systematically retain
certain nominal properties. These rarely-discussed types of mixed
category raise a number of important theoretical questions about
the nature of lexemic identity, the inflection-derivation divide,
and more generally, the relationship between the structure of words
and their phrasal syntax. The book proposes a new formal framework
that models cross-linguistic and cross-constructional variation in
noun modification constructions. The framework it offers enables
readers to explicitly map word structure to syntactic structure,
providing new insights into, and impacting upon, all current
theoretical models of grammar.
In many languages, the objects of transitive verbs are either
marked by grammatical case or agreement on the verb, or they remain
unmarked: this is differential object marking. This book is a
cross-linguistic study of how differential object marking is
affected by information structure, the structuring of the utterance
in accordance with the informational value of its elements and
contextual factors. Marked objects tend to be associated with old
information or information that the sentence is about, while
unmarked objects tend to express new information. The book also
sheds light on grammatical patterning in languages with
differential object marking: in some languages marked and unmarked
objects have identical grammatical properties, whereas in other
languages marked objects are more active in syntax. Finally, it
provides a theory of the historical changes that lead to the
emergence of various patterns of differential object marking.
Descriptive grammarians and typologists often encounter unusual
constructions or unfamiliar variants of otherwise familiar
construction types. Many of these phenomena are puzzling from the
perspective of linguistic theories: they neither predict these
"anomalies" nor, arguably, provide the tools to describe them
insightfully. This book analyzes an unusual type of relative clause
found in many related and unrelated languages of Eurasia. While
providing a detailed case study of Tundra Nenets, it broadens this
inquiry into a detailed typological exploration of this relative
clause type. The authors argue that an understanding of this
construction requires exploring the (type of) grammar system in
which it occurs in order to identify the (set of) independent
constructions that motivate its existence. The resulting insights
into grammar organization illustrate the usefulness of a
construction-theoretic syntax and morphology informed by a
developmental systems perspective for the understanding of complex
grammatical phenomena.
Descriptive grammarians and typologists often encounter unusual
constructions or unfamiliar variants of otherwise familiar
construction types. Many of these phenomena are puzzling from the
perspective of linguistic theories: they neither predict these
"anomalies" nor, arguably, provide the tools to describe them
insightfully. This book analyzes an unusual type of relative clause
found in many related and unrelated languages of Eurasia. While
providing a detailed case study of Tundra Nenets, it broadens this
inquiry into a detailed typological exploration of this relative
clause type. The authors argue that an understanding of this
construction requires exploring the (type of) grammar system in
which it occurs in order to identify the (set of) independent
constructions that motivate its existence. The resulting insights
into grammar organization illustrate the usefulness of a
construction-theoretic syntax and morphology informed by a
developmental systems perspective for the understanding of complex
grammatical phenomena.
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