The ongoing thread in this volume of Physics of Lakes is the presentation of different methods of investigation for processes taking place in real lakes with a view to understanding lakes as components of the geophysical environment. It is divided into three parts. Part I is devoted to numerical modeling techniques and demonstrates that (i) wind-induced currents in depth-integrated models can only adequately predict current fields for extremely shallow lakes, and (ii) that classical multi-layered simulation models can only adequately reproduce current and temperature distributions when the lake is directly subjected to wind, but not the post-wind oscillating response. This makes shock capturing discretization techniques and Mellor-Yamada turbulence closure schemes necessary, as well as extremely high grid resolution to reduce the excessive numerical diffusion. Part II is devoted to the presentation of principles of observation and laboratory experimental procedures. It details the principles of operation for current, temperature, conductivity and other sensors applied in the field. It also discusses the advantages and limitations of common measuring methods like registration from stationary or drifting buoys, sounding and profiling from a boat, etc. Questions of data accuracy, quality, and reliability are also addressed. The use of laboratory experiments on a rotating platform is based on an exposition of dimensional analysis and model theory and illustrated using Lake Constance as an example. Part III gives an account of the dynamics of lake water as a particle-laden fluid, which, coupled with the transport of the bottom sediments, leads to morphodynamic changes of the bathymetry in estuarine and possibly whole lake regions. An elegant spatially one-dimensional theory makes it possible to derive analytic solutions of deltaic formations which are corroborated by laboratory experiments. A full three-dimensional description of the evolution of the alluvial bathymetry under prescribed tributary sediment input indicates a potential subject for future research.

The overwhelming focus of this 2nd volume of "Physics of Lakes" is adequately expressed by its subtitle "Lakes as Oscillators". It deals with barotropic and baroclinic waves in homogeneous and stratified lakes on the rotating Earth and comprises 12 chapters, starting with rotating shallow-water waves, demonstrating their classification into gravity and Rossby waves for homogeneous and stratified water bodies. This leads to gravity waves in bounded domains of constant depth, Kelvin, Poincare and Sverdrup waves, reflection of such waves in gulfs and rectangles and their description in sealed basins as barotropic 'inertial waves proper'. The particular application to gravity waves in circular and elliptical basins of constant depth leads to the description of Kelvin-type and Poincare-type waves and their balanced description in basins of arbitrary geometry on the rotating Earth. Consideration of two-, three- and n-layer fluids with sharp interfaces give rise to the description of gravity waves of higher order baroclinicity with experimental corroboration in a laboratory flume and e.g. in Lake of Lugano, Lake Banyoles and Lake Biwa. Barotropic wave modes in Lake Onega with complex geometry show that data and computational output require careful interpretation. Moreover, a summer field campaign in Lake of Lugano and its two-layer modal analysis show that careful statistical analyses of the data are requested to match data with computational results. Three chapters are devoted to topographic Rossby waves. Conditions are outlined for which these waves are negligibly affected by baroclinicity. Three classes of these large period modes are identified: channel modes, so-called Ball modes and bay modes, often with periods which lie very close together. The last chapter deals with an entire class of Chrystal-type equations for barotropic waves in elongated basins which incorporate the effects of the rotation of the Earth.

The ongoing thread in this volume of Physics of Lakes is the presentation of different methods of investigation for processes taking place in real lakes with a view to understanding lakes as components of the geophysical environment. It is divided into three parts. Part I is devoted to numerical modeling techniques and demonstrates that (i) wind-induced currents in depth-integrated models can only adequately predict current fields for extremely shallow lakes, and (ii) that classical multi-layered simulation models can only adequately reproduce current and temperature distributions when the lake is directly subjected to wind, but not the post-wind oscillating response. This makes shock capturing discretization techniques and Mellor-Yamada turbulence closure schemes necessary, as well as extremely high grid resolution to reduce the excessive numerical diffusion. Part II is devoted to the presentation of principles of observation and laboratory experimental procedures. It details the principles of operation for current, temperature, conductivity and other sensors applied in the field. It also discusses the advantages and limitations of common measuring methods like registration from stationary or drifting buoys, sounding and profiling from a boat, etc. Questions of data accuracy, quality, and reliability are also addressed. The use of laboratory experiments on a rotating platform is based on an exposition of dimensional analysis and model theory and illustrated using Lake Constance as an example. Part III gives an account of the dynamics of lake water as a particle-laden fluid, which, coupled with the transport of the bottom sediments, leads to morphodynamic changes of the bathymetry in estuarine and possibly whole lake regions. An elegant spatially one-dimensional theory makes it possible to derive analytic solutions of deltaic formations which are corroborated by laboratory experiments. A full three-dimensional description of the evolution of the alluvial bathymetry under prescribed tributary sediment input indicates a potential subject for future research.

This first volume in the treatise on the Physics of Lakes deals with the formulation of the mathematical and physical background. A large number of lakes on Earth are described, presenting their morphology as well as the causes of their response to the driving environment. Because the physics of lakes cannot be described without the language used in mathematics, these subjects are introduced first by using the simplest approach and with utmost care, assuming only a limited college knowledge of classical Newtonian physics, and continues with increasing complexity and elegance, starting with the fundamental equations of Lake Hydrodynamics in the form of 'primitive equations' and leading to a detailed treatment of angular momentum and vorticity. Following the presentation of these fundamentals turbulence modeling is introduced with Reynolds, Favre and other non-ergodic filters. The derivation of averaged field equations is presented with different closure schemes, including the k- model for a Boussinesq fluid and early anisotropic closure schemes. This is followed by expositions of surface gravity waves without rotation and an analysis of the role played by the distribution of mass within water bodies on the Earth, leading to a study of internal waves. The vertical structure of wind-induced currents in homogeneous and stratified waters and the Ekman theory and some of its extensions close this first volume of Physics of Lakes. The last chapter collects formulas for the phenomenological coefficients of water.

The overwhelming focus of this 2nd volume of "Physics of Lakes" is adequately expressed by its subtitle "Lakes as Oscillators". It deals with barotropic and baroclinic waves in homogeneous and stratified lakes on the rotating Earth and comprises 12 chapters, starting with rotating shallow-water waves, demonstrating their classification into gravity and Rossby waves for homogeneous and stratified water bodies. This leads to gravity waves in bounded domains of constant depth, Kelvin, Poincare and Sverdrup waves, reflection of such waves in gulfs and rectangles and their description in sealed basins as barotropic 'inertial waves proper'. The particular application to gravity waves in circular and elliptical basins of constant depth leads to the description of Kelvin-type and Poincare-type waves and their balanced description in basins of arbitrary geometry on the rotating Earth. Consideration of two-, three- and n-layer fluids with sharp interfaces give rise to the description of gravity waves of higher order baroclinicity with experimental corroboration in a laboratory flume and e.g. in Lake of Lugano, Lake Banyoles and Lake Biwa. Barotropic wave modes in Lake Onega with complex geometry show that data and computational output require careful interpretation. Moreover, a summer field campaign in Lake of Lugano and its two-layer modal analysis show that careful statistical analyses of the data are requested to match data with computational results. Three chapters are devoted to topographic Rossby waves. Conditions are outlined for which these waves are negligibly affected by baroclinicity. Three classes of these large period modes are identified: channel modes, so-called Ball modes and bay modes, often with periods which lie very close together. The last chapter deals with an entire class of Chrystal-type equations for barotropic waves in elongated basins which incorporate the effects of the rotation of the Earth.

This first volume in the treatise on the Physics of Lakes deals with the formulation of the mathematical and physical background. A large number of lakes on Earth are described, presenting their morphology as well as the causes of their response to the driving environment. Because the physics of lakes cannot be described without the language used in mathematics, these subjects are introduced first by using the simplest approach and with utmost care, assuming only a limited college knowledge of classical Newtonian physics, and continues with increasing complexity and elegance, starting with the fundamental equations of Lake Hydrodynamics in the form of 'primitive equations' and leading to a detailed treatment of angular momentum and vorticity. Following the presentation of these fundamentals turbulence modeling is introduced with Reynolds, Favre and other non-ergodic filters. The derivation of averaged field equations is presented with different closure schemes, including the k- model for a Boussinesq fluid and early anisotropic closure schemes. This is followed by expositions of surface gravity waves without rotation and an analysis of the role played by the distribution of mass within water bodies on the Earth, leading to a study of internal waves. The vertical structure of wind-induced currents in homogeneous and stratified waters and the Ekman theory and some of its extensions close this first volume of Physics of Lakes. The last chapter collects formulas for the phenomenological coefficients of water.