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Following upon the first two volumes in this series, which dealt
with a broad spectrum of topics in the environment and behavior
field, ranging from theoretical to applied, and including
disciplinary, interdisciplinary, and professionally oriented
approaches, we have chosen to devote sub sequent volumes to more
specifically defined topics. Thus, Volume Three dealt with Children
and the Environment, seen from the combined perspective of
researchers in environmental and developmental psy chology. The
present volume has a similarly topical coverage, dealing with the
complex set of relationships between culture and the physical
environment. It is broad and necessarily eclectic with respect to
content, theory, methodology, and epistemological stance, and the
contributors to it represent a wide variety of fields and
disciplines, including psy chology, geography, anthropology,
economics, and environmental de sign. We were fortunate to enlist
the collaboration of Amos Rapoport in the organization and editing
of this volume, as he brings to this task a particularly pertinent
perspective that combines anthropology and ar chitecture. Volume
Five of the series, presently in preparation, will cover the
subject of behavioral science aspects of transportation. Irwin
Altman Joachim F. Wohlwill ix Contents Introduction 1 CHAPTER 1
CROSS-CULTURAL ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN AMOS RAPOPORT
Introduction 7 Culture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Environmental Design 10 The Relationship of Culture and
Environmental Design . . . . . . . . . 15 The Variability of
Culture-Environment Relations 19 Culture-Specific Environments . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Designing for Culture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Implications for the Future .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 CHAPTER 2
CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH METHODS: STRATEGIES, PROBLEMS, ApPLICATIONS
RICHARD W."
This ninth volume in the series deals with a fascinating and
complex topic in the environment and behavior field. Neighborhoods
and com munities are in various stages of formation and transition
in almost every society, nation, and culture. A variety of
political, economic, and social factors have resulted in the
formation of new communities and the transformation of older
communities. Thus we see nomadic people set tling into stable
communities, new towns sprouting up around the world, continuing
suburban sprawl, simultaneous deterioration, re newal and
gentrification of urban areas, demographic changes in com munities,
and so on. As in previous volumes, the range of content, theory,
and methods represented in the various chapters is intended to be
broadly based, with perspectives rooted in several
disciplines-anthropology, history, psychology, sociology, urban
studies. Although many other disciplines also play an important
role in the study and understanding of neigh borhoods and community
environments, we hope that the contributions to this volume will at
least present readers with a broad sampling-if not a comprehensive
treatment-of the topic."
The present volume in our series follows the format of the
immediately in dealing with a topical theme of considerable impor
preceding ones tance in the environment and behavior field. In view
of current and projected demographic trends, it is a certainty that
a broad-ranging set of issues concerned with the elderly and the
physical environment will continue to be of focal pertinence-if not
of increasing importance--in the remaining decades of this century.
The present volume also follows in the tradition of earlier volumes
in the series in being eclectic with respect to content, theory,
and meth odology and in including contributions from a variety of
disciplines, such as anthropology, economics, psychology,
geography, and urban and regional planning. To have encompassed the
whole array of disci plines and topics in this emerging field in a
single volume would have been impossible. We trust that the sample
of contributions that we have selected is provocative and that it
will illustrate the range of problems and topics and point to
promising areas of study and analysis. We are pleased to have M.
Powell Lawton as a guest co-editor for this volume. His
broad-ranging expertise, perceptive judgment, and fine editorial
talents have contributed enormously to the volume."
The present volume in the series focuses on homes, residences, and
dwellings. Although many fields have had a long-standing interest
in different aspects of home environments, the topic has recently
come to the forefront in the interdisciplinary environment and
behavior field. Researchers and theorists from many disciplines
have begun to meet regularly, share ideas and perspectives, and
move the investigation of psychological, social, and behavioral
aspects of home environments to the central arena of environment
and behavior studies. This volume representative-though not
comprehensive attempts to provide a sampling of contemporary
perspectives on the study of home environments. As in previous
volumes, the authors are drawn from a variety of disciplines,
including environmental design fields of architecture and planning,
and from the social science fields of psychology, sociology,
anthropology, and history. This diversity of authors and
perspectives makes salient the principle that the study of homes in
relation to behav ior requires the contributions of many
disciplines. Moreover, the chap ters in this volume reflect an
array of research and theoretical view points, different scales of
home environments (e.g., objects and areas, the home as a whole,
the home as embedded in neighborhood and communities, etc.), design
and policy issues, and, necessarily, a com parative and
cross-cultural perspective. Home environments are at the core of
human life in most cultures, and it is hoped that the contributions
to this volume display the excite ment, potential, and importance
of research and theory on homes."
This thirteenth volume in the series addresses an increasingly
salient worldwide research, design, and policy issue-women and
physical environments. We live in an era of worldwide social
change. Some nation-states are fracturing or disintegrating,
migrations are resulting from political up heavals and economic
opportunities, some ethnic and national animosi ties are
resurfacing, and global and national economic systems are under
stress. Furthermore, the variability of interpersonal and familial
forms is increasing, and cultural subgroups-minorities, women, the
physically challenged, gays, and lesbians-are vigorously demanding
their rights in societies and are becoming significant economic and
political forces. Although these social-system changes affect many
people, their im pact on women is especially salient. Women are at
the center of most forms of family life. Whether in traditional or
contemporary cultures, women's roles in child rearing, home
management, and community relations have and will continue to be
central, regardless of emerging and changing family structures.
And, because of necessity and oppor tunity, women are increasingly
engaged in paid work in and outside the home (women in most
cultures have historically always worked, but often not for pay).
Their influence in cultures and societies is also mounting in the
social, political, and economic spheres. In technological
societies, women are playing higher-level roles, though still in
small numbers, in economic and policy domains. This trend is likely
to acceler ate in the twenty-first century.
In the first two volumes of the series we elected to cover a broad
spectrum of topics in the environment and behavior field, ranging
from theoretical to applied, and including disciplinary,
interdiscipli nary, and professionally related topics. Chapters in
these earlier vol umes dealt with leisure and recreation, the
elderly, personal space, aesthetics, energy, behavioral approaches
to environmental problems, methodological issues, social
indicators, industrial settings, and the like. Chapters were
written by psychologists, sociologists, geogra phers, and other
social scientists, and by authors from professional design fields
such as urban planning, operations research, landscape
architecture, and so on. Our goal in these first two volumes was to
present a sampling of areas in the emerging environment and
behavior field and to give readers some insight into the diversity
of research and theoretical perspectives that characterize the
field. Beginning with the present volume, our efforts will be
directed at a series of thematic volumes. The present collection of
chapters is focused on children and the environment, and, as much
as possible, we invited contributions that reflect a variety of
theoretical and em pirical perspectives on this topic. The next
volume in the series, now in preparation, will address the area of
"culture and the environment. " Suggestions for possible future
topics are welcome. Irwin Altman Joachim F."
This eleventh volume in the series departs from the pattern of
earlier volumes. Some of those volumes addressed research, design,
and policy topics in terms of environmental settings, for example,
homes, communities, neighborhoods, and public places. Others
focused on environmental users, for example, chil dren and the
elderly. The present volume examines the field of environment and
behavior studies itself in the form of intellectual histories of
some of its most productive and still visible senior participants.
In so doing we hope to provide readers with a grand sweep of the
field-its research and design content, methodology, institutions,
and past and future trajectories-through the experiences and
intellectual histories of its participants. Why intellectual
histories? Several factors led to the decision to launch this
project. For one, 1989 was an anniversary and commemorative year
for the Environmental Design Research Association, perhaps the
major and most long-standing interdisciplinary organization of
environment and behavior re searchers and practitioners.
Established in 1969, this organization has been the vehicle for
generations of researchers and practitioners from many disciplines
to come together annually to exchange ideas, present papers, and
develop professional and personal relationships. It held its first
and twentieth meetings in North Carolina, with the twentieth
conference substantially devoted to dis cussions of the past,
present, and future of the field-a taking stock, so to speak. Thus
it seemed appropriate to launch a volume on intellectual histories
at this significant juncture in the life of the field."
In step with the growing interest in place attachment, this volume
examines the phenomena from the perspective of several
disciplines-including anthropology, folklore, and psychology-and
points towards promising directions of future research.
The present volume in our series, Human Behavior and Environment,
is devoted to a specific topic, continuing the pattern established
in the last two volumes. The current theme is behavioral science
aspects of trans portation. This topic was chosen to exemplify a
problem area of practical import to which psychologists,
sociologists, and other behavioral and social scientists can make
and have been making notable contributions. Our volume includes
papers from a variety of psychological perspec tives, including
human factors, environmental psychology, and be havior
modification, along with other contributions from a sociologist and
a transportation engineer interested in behavioral science contribu
tions to transportation. Joining us as guest editor for this volume
is Peter Everett, an environmental psychologist whose area of
specialty is the study of behavioral components of transportation
systems. Volume 6 of our series, currently in preparation, will be
devoted to behavior and the natural environment. A provisional
table of contents for that volume appears on page v. Irwin Altman
Joachim F. Wohlwill Peter B. Everett ix Contents Introduction. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHAPTER 1 TRANSPORTATION AND THE
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES DAVID T. HARTGEN Introduction 5 Brief Overview
of the Behavioral Sciences. . . ..... . .... . . . . .. . . .... .
.... . . . . . . ... . . ... . ..... . . 7 Current Transportation
Issues: Evolution and Behavioral Applications
........................ 8 Urban Transit. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Rural
Transit Systems ................................... 12
Transportation for the Mobility-Limited .......... . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . . . Environmental and
Social Impact Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . Energy and Transportation. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 . . . . . . . .
Summary and Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 23 . . . . . . . . . . References
................................................. 25 xi Contents
xii CHAPTER 2 PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO TRAVEL DEMAND MODELING
IRWIN P. LEVIN JORDAN J. LOUVIERE Introduction. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 . . . . . . . . .
. . . . ."
This is the first in a series of volumes concerned with research
encompassed by the rather broad term "environment and behavior. "
The goal of the series is to begin the process of integration of
knowledge on environmental and behavioral topics so that
researchers and professionals can have material from diverse
sources accessible in a single publication. The field of
environment and behavior is broad and interdiscipli nary, with
researchers drawn from a variety of traditional disciplines such as
psychology, sociology, anthropology, geography, and other social
and behavioral sciences, and from the biological and life sciences
of medicine, psychiatry, biology, and ethology. The interdis
ciplinary quality of the field is also reflected in the extensive
involve ment of environmental professionals from architecture,
urban plan ning, landscape architecture, interior design, and other
fields such as recreation and natural resources, to name just a
few. At present, the field has a somewhat chaotic flavor, with
research being carried out by a variety of scholars who publish in
a multitude of outlets. Many researchers and practitioners are
unaware of the state of knowledge regarding a specific topic
because of the unavailability of integrated reference materials.
There are only a handful of books dealing with environment and
behavior, most of them unintegrated collections of readings, with
only an occasional systematic analysis of some facet of the field."
This tenth volume in the series addresses an important topic of
research, de sign, and policy in the environment and behavior
field. Public places and spaces include a sweeping array of
settings, including urban streets, plazas and squares, malls,
parks, and other locales, and natural settings such as aquatic
environments, national parks and forests, and wilderness areas. The
impor tance of public settings is highlighted by difficult
questions of access, control, and management; unique needs and
problems of different users (including women, the handicapped, and
various ethnic groups); and the dramatic re shaping of our public
environments that has occurred and will continue to occur in the
foreseeable future. The wide-ranging scope of the topic of public
places and spaces demands the attention of many disciplines and
researchers, designers, managers, and policymakers. As in previous
volumes in the series, the authors in the present volume come from
a variety of disciplinary backgrounds, research and design
orientations, and affiliations. They have backgrounds in or are
affiliated with such fields as architecture, geography, landscape
architecture, natural re sources, psychology, sociology, and urban
design. Many more disciplines ob viously contribute to our
understanding and design of public places and spaces, so that the
contributors to this volume reflect only a sample of the
possibilities and present state of knowledge about public
settings."
The papers comprising this second volume of Human Behavior and the
Environment represent, as do their predecessors, a cross section of
current work in the broad area of problems dealing with
interrelation ships between the physical environment and human
behavior, at both the individual and the aggregate levels.
Considering the two volumes as a unit, we have included papers
covering a broad spectrum of problems ranging from the theoretical
to the applied, and from the disciplinary-based to the
interdisciplinary and professional. Approxi mately half of the
papers are written by psychologists, with the remainder coming, in
part, from such other disciplines as sociology, geography, and from
such diverse applied and professional fields as natural recreation,
landscape architecture, urban planning, and opera tions research.
The volumes thus provide an overview of work on current topical
problems. Yet, as the field is developing, specialization is
inevitably increasing apace, and the editors as well as the
publisher have become convinced of the desirability for futu're
volumes in this series to be organized along topical lines, with
successive volumes devoted to different aspects of this rather
sprawling field. Thus, Volume 3, currently in the planning stage,
will be devoted exclusively to the interaction of children with the
physical environment, considered from diverse viewpoints, again
including authors from diverse fields of specialization."
The theme of the present volume concerns people' s response to the
natural environment, considered at scales varying from that of a
house hold plant to that of vast wilderness areas. Our decision to
focus on this particular segment of the physical environment was
prompted in part by the intrinsic interest in this subject on the
part of a diverse group of sodal scientists and professionals-and
of laypersons, for that matter and in part by the relative neglect
of this topic in standard treatments of the environment-behavior
field. It also serves to bring out once again the interdisdplinary
nature of that field, and we are pleased to have been able to
inc1ude representatives from geography, sodology, soda ecology, and
natural recreation among our contributors. We believe that this
volume will serve a useful purpose in helping to integrate the find
ings and concepts in this presently somewhat fragmented field, scat
tered as they are over a very diverse array of publications
representing a similarly varied group of spedalties. It is hoped
that the result will be to stimulate future development of this
area and to add a measure of in creased coherence to it. Volume 7
of our series will be devoted to the theme of elderly people and
the environment, with M. Powell Lawton joining us as guest
co-editor. The titles of the papers comprising Volume 7 are shown
on page v. Irwin Altman J oachim F. Wohlwill ix Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."
This thirteenth volume in the series addresses an increasingly
salient worldwide research, design, and policy issue-women and
physical environments. We live in an era of worldwide social
change. Some nation-states are fracturing or disintegrating,
migrations are resulting from political up heavals and economic
opportunities, some ethnic and national animosi ties are
resurfacing, and global and national economic systems are under
stress. Furthermore, the variability of interpersonal and familial
forms is increasing, and cultural subgroups-minorities, women, the
physically challenged, gays, and lesbians-are vigorously demanding
their rights in societies and are becoming significant economic and
political forces. Although these social-system changes affect many
people, their im pact on women is especially salient. Women are at
the center of most forms of family life. Whether in traditional or
contemporary cultures, women's roles in child rearing, home
management, and community relations have and will continue to be
central, regardless of emerging and changing family structures.
And, because of necessity and oppor tunity, women are increasingly
engaged in paid work in and outside the home (women in most
cultures have historically always worked, but often not for pay).
Their influence in cultures and societies is also mounting in the
social, political, and economic spheres. In technological
societies, women are playing higher-level roles, though still in
small numbers, in economic and policy domains. This trend is likely
to acceler ate in the twenty-first century."
This ninth volume in the series deals with a fascinating and
complex topic in the environment and behavior field. Neighborhoods
and com munities are in various stages of formation and transition
in almost every society, nation, and culture. A variety of
political, economic, and social factors have resulted in the
formation of new communities and the transformation of older
communities. Thus we see nomadic people set tling into stable
communities, new towns sprouting up around the world, continuing
suburban sprawl, simultaneous deterioration, re newal and
gentrification of urban areas, demographic changes in com munities,
and so on. As in previous volumes, the range of content, theory,
and methods represented in the various chapters is intended to be
broadly based, with perspectives rooted in several
disciplines-anthropology, history, psychology, sociology, urban
studies. Although many other disciplines also play an important
role in the study and understanding of neigh borhoods and community
environments, we hope that the contributions to this volume will at
least present readers with a broad sampling-if not a comprehensive
treatment-of the topic."
The present volume in the series focuses on homes, residences, and
dwellings. Although many fields have had a long-standing interest
in different aspects of home environments, the topic has recently
come to the forefront in the interdisciplinary environment and
behavior field. Researchers and theorists from many disciplines
have begun to meet regularly, share ideas and perspectives, and
move the investigation of psychological, social, and behavioral
aspects of home environments to the central arena of environment
and behavior studies. This volume representative-though not
comprehensive attempts to provide a sampling of contemporary
perspectives on the study of home environments. As in previous
volumes, the authors are drawn from a variety of disciplines,
including environmental design fields of architecture and planning,
and from the social science fields of psychology, sociology,
anthropology, and history. This diversity of authors and
perspectives makes salient the principle that the study of homes in
relation to behav ior requires the contributions of many
disciplines. Moreover, the chap ters in this volume reflect an
array of research and theoretical view points, different scales of
home environments (e.g., objects and areas, the home as a whole,
the home as embedded in neighborhood and communities, etc.), design
and policy issues, and, necessarily, a com parative and
cross-cultural perspective. Home environments are at the core of
human life in most cultures, and it is hoped that the contributions
to this volume display the excite ment, potential, and importance
of research and theory on homes."
The present volume in our series follows the format of the
immediately in dealing with a topical theme of considerable impor
preceding ones tance in the environment and behavior field. In view
of current and projected demographic trends, it is a certainty that
a broad-ranging set of issues concerned with the elderly and the
physical environment will continue to be of focal pertinence-if not
of increasing importance--in the remaining decades of this century.
The present volume also follows in the tradition of earlier volumes
in the series in being eclectic with respect to content, theory,
and meth odology and in including contributions from a variety of
disciplines, such as anthropology, economics, psychology,
geography, and urban and regional planning. To have encompassed the
whole array of disci plines and topics in this emerging field in a
single volume would have been impossible. We trust that the sample
of contributions that we have selected is provocative and that it
will illustrate the range of problems and topics and point to
promising areas of study and analysis. We are pleased to have M.
Powell Lawton as a guest co-editor for this volume. His
broad-ranging expertise, perceptive judgment, and fine editorial
talents have contributed enormously to the volume."
Following upon the first two volumes in this series, which dealt
with a broad spectrum of topics in the environment and behavior
field, ranging from theoretical to applied, and including
disciplinary, interdisciplinary, and professionally oriented
approaches, we have chosen to devote sub sequent volumes to more
specifically defined topics. Thus, Volume Three dealt with Children
and the Environment, seen from the combined perspective of
researchers in environmental and developmental psy chology. The
present volume has a similarly topical coverage, dealing with the
complex set of relationships between culture and the physical
environment. It is broad and necessarily eclectic with respect to
content, theory, methodology, and epistemological stance, and the
contributors to it represent a wide variety of fields and
disciplines, including psy chology, geography, anthropology,
economics, and environmental de sign. We were fortunate to enlist
the collaboration of Amos Rapoport in the organization and editing
of this volume, as he brings to this task a particularly pertinent
perspective that combines anthropology and ar chitecture. Volume
Five of the series, presently in preparation, will cover the
subject of behavioral science aspects of transportation. Irwin
Altman Joachim F. Wohlwill ix Contents Introduction 1 CHAPTER 1
CROSS-CULTURAL ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN AMOS RAPOPORT
Introduction 7 Culture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Environmental Design 10 The Relationship of Culture and
Environmental Design . . . . . . . . . 15 The Variability of
Culture-Environment Relations 19 Culture-Specific Environments . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Designing for Culture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Implications for the Future .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 CHAPTER 2
CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH METHODS: STRATEGIES, PROBLEMS, ApPLICATIONS
RICHARD W."
Offering a practical theory for why people make decisions about
revealing and concealing private information. Boundaries of Privacy
taps into everyday problems in our personal relationships, our
health concerns, and our work to investigate the way we manage our
private lives. Petronio argues that in addition to owning our own
private information, we also take on the responsibility of guarding
other people's private information when it is put into our trust.
This can often lead to betrayal, errors in judgment, deception,
gossip, and privacy dilemmas. Petronio's book serves as a guide to
understanding why certain decisions about privacy succeed while
others fail.
In this intriguing book, social psychologist Irwin Altman and anthropologist Joseph Ginat examine husband-wife and wife-wife relationships in contemporary Mormon polygamous families. The authors describe how husbands and wives in plural families cope with their complex lifestyle in various facets of everyday life, including courtship, weddings, honeymoons, adjustments to a new life, living arrangements, and the husband's rotation among wives. Other topics include budget and resource management, psychological attachments to homes, and the social-emotional relationships among family members. This pioneering, comprehensive analysis of life in modern day Mormon polygamous families uses first-hand interviews and observations to describe this unusual family lifestyle. It adds to our understanding of close relationships and complements knowledge on other modern relationship forms, such as single-parent families, blended families, and cohabitating partners. This is important reading for researchers in social psychology, anthropology, and religious studies. Lay readers will also find the subject matter to be fascinating.
In this intriguing book, social psychologist Irwin Altman and
anthropologist Joseph Ginat examine husband-wife and wife-wife
relationships in contemporary Mormon polygamous families. They
describe how husbands and wives in plural families cope with their
complex lifestyle in various facets of everyday life, including
courtship, weddings, honeymoons, adjustments to a new life, living
arrangements, and the husband's rotation among his wives. Other
important topics include budget and resource management,
psychological attachments to homes, and the social-emotional
relationships between family members. This pioneering,
comprehensive analysis of life in modern day Mormon polygamous
families uses first-hand interviews and observations to describe
this unusual family lifestyle. It adds to our understanding of
close relationships and complements knowledge on other modern
relationship forms, such as single-parent families, blended
families, and cohabiting partners.
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