The aim of this book is to give self-contained proofs of all basic results concerning the infinite-valued proposition al calculus of Lukasiewicz and its algebras, Chang's MV -algebras. This book is for self-study: with the possible exception of Chapter 9 on advanced topics, the only prere- quisite for the reader is some acquaintance with classical propositional logic, and elementary algebra and topology. In this book it is not our aim to give an account of Lukasiewicz's motivations for adding new truth values: readers interested in this topic will find appropriate references in Chapter 10. Also, we shall not explain why Lukasiewicz infinite-valued propositionallogic is a ba- sic ingredient of any logical treatment of imprecise notions: Hajek's book in this series on Trends in Logic contains the most authorita- tive explanations. However, in order to show that MV-algebras stand to infinite-valued logic as boolean algebras stand to two-valued logic, we shall devote Chapter 5 to Ulam's game of Twenty Questions with lies/errors, as a natural context where infinite-valued propositions, con- nectives and inferences are used. While several other semantics for infinite-valued logic are known in the literature-notably Giles' game- theoretic semantics based on subjective probabilities-still the transi- tion from two-valued to many-valued propositonallogic can hardly be modelled by anything simpler than the transformation of the familiar game of Twenty Questions into Ulam game with lies/errors.

This book grew out of my confusion. If logic is objective how can there be so many logics? Is there one right logic, or many right ones? Is there some underlying unity that connects them? What is the significance of the mathematical theorems about logic which I've learned if they have no connection to our everyday reasoning? The answers I propose revolve around the perception that what one pays attention to in reasoning determines which logic is appropriate. The act of abstracting from our reasoning in our usual language is the stepping stone from reasoned argument to logic. We cannot take this step alone, for we reason together: logic is reasoning which has some objective value. For you to understand my answers, or perhaps better, conjectures, I have retraced my steps: from the concrete to the abstract, from examples, to general theory, to further confirming examples, to reflections on the significance of the work.

The aim of this book is to give self-contained proofs of all basic results concerning the infinite-valued proposition al calculus of Lukasiewicz and its algebras, Chang's MV -algebras. This book is for self-study: with the possible exception of Chapter 9 on advanced topics, the only prere- quisite for the reader is some acquaintance with classical propositional logic, and elementary algebra and topology. In this book it is not our aim to give an account of Lukasiewicz's motivations for adding new truth values: readers interested in this topic will find appropriate references in Chapter 10. Also, we shall not explain why Lukasiewicz infinite-valued propositionallogic is a ba- sic ingredient of any logical treatment of imprecise notions: Hajek's book in this series on Trends in Logic contains the most authorita- tive explanations. However, in order to show that MV-algebras stand to infinite-valued logic as boolean algebras stand to two-valued logic, we shall devote Chapter 5 to Ulam's game of Twenty Questions with lies/errors, as a natural context where infinite-valued propositions, con- nectives and inferences are used. While several other semantics for infinite-valued logic are known in the literature-notably Giles' game- theoretic semantics based on subjective probabilities-still the transi- tion from two-valued to many-valued propositonallogic can hardly be modelled by anything simpler than the transformation of the familiar game of Twenty Questions into Ulam game with lies/errors.