This book presents selected peer-reviewed contributions from the 2020 International Conference on "Physics and Mechanics of New Materials and Their Applications", PHENMA 2020 (26-29 March 2021, Kitakyushu, Japan), focusing on processing techniques, physics, mechanics, and applications of advanced materials. The book describes a broad spectrum of promising nanostructures, crystal structures, materials, and composites with unique properties. It presents nanotechnological design approaches, environmental-friendly processing techniques, and physicochemical as well as mechanical studies of advanced materials. The selected contributions describe recent progress in computational materials science methods and algorithms (in particular, finite-element and finite-difference modelling) applied to various technological, mechanical, and physical problems. The presented results are important for ongoing efforts concerning the theory, modelling, and testing of advanced materials. Other results are devoted to promising devices with higher accuracy, increased longevity, and greater potential to work effectively under critical temperatures, high pressure, and in aggressive environments.

This book presents selected, peer-reviewed proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Material, Machines and Methods for Sustainable Development (MMMS2020), held in the city of Nha Trang, Vietnam, from 12 to 15 November, 2020. The purpose of the conference is to explore and ensure an understanding of the critical aspects contributing to sustainable development, especially materials, machines and methods. The contributions published in this book come from authors representing universities, research institutes and industrial companies, and reflect the results of a very broad spectrum of research, from micro- and nanoscale materials design and processing, to mechanical engineering technology in industry. Many of the contributions selected for these proceedings focus on materials modeling, eco-material processes and mechanical manufacturing.

This book presents selected peer-reviewed contributions from the 2020 International Conference on "Physics and Mechanics of New Materials and Their Applications", PHENMA 2020 (26-29 March 2021, Kitakyushu, Japan), focusing on processing techniques, physics, mechanics, and applications of advanced materials. The book describes a broad spectrum of promising nanostructures, crystal structures, materials, and composites with unique properties. It presents nanotechnological design approaches, environmental-friendly processing techniques, and physicochemical as well as mechanical studies of advanced materials. The selected contributions describe recent progress in computational materials science methods and algorithms (in particular, finite-element and finite-difference modelling) applied to various technological, mechanical, and physical problems. The presented results are important for ongoing efforts concerning the theory, modelling, and testing of advanced materials. Other results are devoted to promising devices with higher accuracy, increased longevity, and greater potential to work effectively under critical temperatures, high pressure, and in aggressive environments.

This book presents selected peer-reviewed contributions from the 2019 International Conference on "Physics and Mechanics of New Materials and Their Applications", PHENMA 2019 (Hanoi, Vietnam, 7-10 November, 2019), divided into four scientific themes: processing techniques, physics, mechanics, and applications of advanced materials. The book describes a broad spectrum of promising nanostructures, crystals, materials and composites with special properties. It presents nanotechnology approaches, modern environmentally friendly techniques and physical-chemical and mechanical studies of the structural-sensitive and physical-mechanical properties of materials. The obtained results are based on new achievements in material sciences and computational approaches, methods and algorithms (in particular, finite-element and finite-difference modeling) applied to the solution of different technological, mechanical and physical problems. The obtained results have a significant interest for theory, modeling and test of advanced materials. Other results are devoted to promising devices demonstrating high accuracy, longevity and new opportunities to work effectively under critical temperatures and high pressures, in aggressive media, etc. These devices demonstrate improved comparative characteristics, caused by developed materials and composites, allowing investigation of physio-mechanical processes and phenomena based on scientific and technological progress.

This book presents selected, peer-reviewed proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Material, Machines and Methods for Sustainable Development (MMMS2020), held in the city of Nha Trang, Vietnam, from 12 to 15 November, 2020. The purpose of the conference is to explore and ensure an understanding of the critical aspects contributing to sustainable development, especially materials, machines and methods. The contributions published in this book come from authors representing universities, research institutes and industrial companies, and reflect the results of a very broad spectrum of research, from micro- and nanoscale materials design and processing, to mechanical engineering technology in industry. Many of the contributions selected for these proceedings focus on materials modeling, eco-material processes and mechanical manufacturing.

This book presents selected peer-reviewed contributions from the 2019 International Conference on "Physics and Mechanics of New Materials and Their Applications", PHENMA 2019 (Hanoi, Vietnam, 7-10 November, 2019), divided into four scientific themes: processing techniques, physics, mechanics, and applications of advanced materials. The book describes a broad spectrum of promising nanostructures, crystals, materials and composites with special properties. It presents nanotechnology approaches, modern environmentally friendly techniques and physical-chemical and mechanical studies of the structural-sensitive and physical-mechanical properties of materials. The obtained results are based on new achievements in material sciences and computational approaches, methods and algorithms (in particular, finite-element and finite-difference modeling) applied to the solution of different technological, mechanical and physical problems. The obtained results have a significant interest for theory, modeling and test of advanced materials. Other results are devoted to promising devices demonstrating high accuracy, longevity and new opportunities to work effectively under critical temperatures and high pressures, in aggressive media, etc. These devices demonstrate improved comparative characteristics, caused by developed materials and composites, allowing investigation of physio-mechanical processes and phenomena based on scientific and technological progress.

This book includes selected, peer-reviewed contributions from the 2018 International Conference on "Physics and Mechanics of New Materials and Their Applications", PHENMA 2018, held in Busan, South Korea, 9-11 August 2018. Focusing on manufacturing techniques, physics, mechanics, and applications of modern materials with special properties, it covers a broad spectrum of nanomaterials and structures, ferroelectrics and ferromagnetics, and other advanced materials and composites. The authors discuss approaches and methods in nanotechnology; newly developed, environmentally friendly piezoelectric techniques; and physical and mechanical studies of the microstructural and other properties of materials. Further, the book presents a range of original theoretical, experimental and computational methods and their application in the solution of various technological, mechanical and physical problems. Moreover, it highlights modern devices demonstrating high accuracy, longevity and the ability to operate over wide temperature and pressure ranges or in aggressive media. The developed devices show improved characteristics due to the use of advanced materials and composites, opening new horizons in the investigation of a variety of physical and mechanical processes and phenomena.

This proceedings volume presents selected and peer reviewed 50 reports of the 2015 International Conference on "Physics and Mechanics of New Materials and Their Applications" (Azov, Russia, 19-22 May, 2015), devoted to 100th Anniversary of the Southern Federal University, Russia. The book presents processing techniques, physics, mechanics, and applications of advanced materials. The book is concentrated on some nanostructures, ferroelectric crystals, materials and composites and other materials with specific properties. In this book are presented nanotechnology approaches, modern piezoelectric techniques, physical and mechanical studies of the structure-sensitive properties of the materials. A wide spectrum of mathematical and numerical methods is applied to the solution of different technological, mechanical and physical problems for applications. Great attention is devoted to novel devices with high accuracy, longevity and extended possibilities to work in a large scale of temperatures and pressure ranges, aggressive media, etc. The characteristics of materials and composites with improved properties is shown, and new possibilities in studying of various physico-mechanical processes and phenomena are demonstrated.

This book presents selected peer-reviewed contributions from the 2017 International Conference on "Physics and Mechanics of New Materials and Their Applications", PHENMA 2017 (Jabalpur, India, 14-16 October, 2017), which is devoted to processing techniques, physics, mechanics, and applications of advanced materials. The book focuses on a wide spectrum of nanostructures, ferroelectric crystals, materials and composites as well as promising materials with special properties. It presents nanotechnology approaches, modern environmentally friendly piezoelectric and ferromagnetic techniques and physical and mechanical studies of the structural and physical-mechanical properties of materials. Various original mathematical and numerical methods are applied to the solution of different technological, mechanical and physical problems that are interesting from theoretical, modeling and experimental points of view. Further, the book highlights novel devices with high accuracy, longevity and extended capabilities to operate under wide temperature and pressure ranges and aggressive media, which show improved characteristics, thanks to the developed materials and composites, opening new possibilities for different physico-mechanical processes and phenomena.

This book presents selected peer-reviewed contributions from the 2017 International Conference on "Physics and Mechanics of New Materials and Their Applications", PHENMA 2017 (Jabalpur, India, 14-16 October, 2017), which is devoted to processing techniques, physics, mechanics, and applications of advanced materials. The book focuses on a wide spectrum of nanostructures, ferroelectric crystals, materials and composites as well as promising materials with special properties. It presents nanotechnology approaches, modern environmentally friendly piezoelectric and ferromagnetic techniques and physical and mechanical studies of the structural and physical-mechanical properties of materials. Various original mathematical and numerical methods are applied to the solution of different technological, mechanical and physical problems that are interesting from theoretical, modeling and experimental points of view. Further, the book highlights novel devices with high accuracy, longevity and extended capabilities to operate under wide temperature and pressure ranges and aggressive media, which show improved characteristics, thanks to the developed materials and composites, opening new possibilities for different physico-mechanical processes and phenomena.

This book describes efficient and safe repair operations for pipelines, and develops new methods for the detection and repair of volumetric surface defects in transmission pipelines. It also addresses the physics, mechanics, and applications of advanced materials used for composite repair of corroded pipelines. Presenting results obtained in the European Commission's INNOPIPES FRAMEWORK 7 programme, it develops long-range ultrasonic and phased array technologies for pipeline diagnostics, and explores their interactions with discontinuities and directional properties of ultrasonic antenna array. The book subsequently shares the results of non-destructive testing for different types of materials applications and advanced composite repair systems, and characterizes the mechanical properties by means of fracture methods and non-destructive techniques. In turn, the book assesses the currently available technologies for reinforcement of pipelines, drawing on the experience gai ned by project partners, and evaluates the recovery of the carrying capacity of pipeline sections with local corrosion damage by means of analytical and numerical procedures. It develops an optimization method based on the planning of experiments and surface techniques for advanced composite repair systems, before validating the numerical models developed and experimentally gauging the effectiveness of composite repair with the help of full-scale hydraulic tests.

This book presents 50 selected peer-reviewed reports from the 2016 International Conference on "Physics and Mechanics of New Materials and Their Applications", PHENMA 2016 (Surabaya, Indonesia, 19-22 July, 2016). The Proceedings are devoted to processing techniques, physics, mechanics, and applications of advanced materials. As such, they examine a wide spectrum of nanostructures, ferroelectric crystals, materials and composites, as well as other promising materials with special properties. They present nanotechnology approaches, modern environmentally friendly piezoelectric and ferromagnetic techniques, and physical and mechanical studies of the structural and physical-mechanical properties of the materials discussed. Further, a broad range of original mathematical and numerical methods is applied to solve various technological, mechanical and physical problems, which are inte resting for applications. Great attention is devoted to novel devices with high accuracy, longevity and extended possibilities to work in wide temperature and pressure ranges, aggressive media, etc., which show improved characteristics, defined by the developed materials and composites, opening new possibilities to study different physico-mechanical processes and phenomena.

Advanced materials are the basis of modern science and technology. This proceedings volume presents a broad spectrum of studies of novel materials covering their processing techniques, physics, mechanics, and applications. The book is concentrated on nanostructures, ferroelectric crystals, materials and composites, materials for solar cells and also polymeric composites. Nanotechnology approaches, modern piezoelectric techniques and also latest achievements in materials science, condensed matter physics, mechanics of deformable solids and numerical methods are presented. Great attention is devoted to novel devices with high accuracy, longevity and extended possibilities to work in wide temperature and pressure ranges, aggressive media etc. The characteristics of materials and composites with improved properties opening new possibilities of various physical processes, in particular transmission and receipt of signals under water, are described.

This proceedings volume presents selected and peer reviewed 50 reports of the 2015 International Conference on "Physics and Mechanics of New Materials and Their Applications" (Azov, Russia, 19-22 May, 2015), devoted to 100th Anniversary of the Southern Federal University, Russia. The book presents processing techniques, physics, mechanics, and applications of advanced materials. The book is concentrated on some nanostructures, ferroelectric crystals, materials and composites and other materials with specific properties. In this book are presented nanotechnology approaches, modern piezoelectric techniques, physical and mechanical studies of the structure-sensitive properties of the materials. A wide spectrum of mathematical and numerical methods is applied to the solution of different technological, mechanical and physical problems for applications. Great attention is devoted to novel devices with high accuracy, longevity and extended possibilities to work in a large scale of temperatures and pressure ranges, aggressive media, etc. The characteristics of materials and composites with improved properties is shown, and new possibilities in studying of various physico-mechanical processes and phenomena are demonstrated.

Advanced materials are the basis of modern science and technology. This proceedings volume presents a broad spectrum of studies of novel materials covering their processing techniques, physics, mechanics, and applications. The book is concentrated on nanostructures, ferroelectric crystals, materials and composites, materials for solar cells and also polymeric composites. Nanotechnology approaches, modern piezoelectric techniques and also latest achievements in materials science, condensed matter physics, mechanics of deformable solids and numerical methods are presented. Great attention is devoted to novel devices with high accuracy, longevity and extended possibilities to work in wide temperature and pressure ranges, aggressive media etc. The characteristics of materials and composites with improved properties opening new possibilities of various physical processes, in particular transmission and receipt of signals under water, are described.

The advanced materials, based on piezoelectric and nanotechnology approaches and their numerous applications are very important for modern science and techniques. Fast development of used theoretical, experimental and numerical methods caused by improvement of experimental equipment, theoretical and numerical approaches and computer hard- and software are analysed. These achievements allow us to understand and estimate very fine processes and transformations occurring during processing, loading and operation of modern materials and devices under intense internal and external influences. This edited book, divided in ten chapters, is devoted to the fundamentals, developments and applications of modern piezoelectrics and nanomaterials.

Advanced materials and their applications based on nanotechnology and piezoelectric approaches are a tremendous interest in modern science and techniques. This book presents processing techniques, physics, mechanics, and applications of novel materials. The book concentrates on some nanostructures, ferro- and magnetoelectric crystals, materials and composites, materials for solar cells and polymeric composites. There are present nanotechnology approaches, modern piezoelectric techniques, and also studies of the structure-sensitive properties of the materials. Great attention is devoted to novel devices with high accuracy, longevity and extended possibilities to work with wide temperature and pressure ranges, which show characteristics defined by used materials and composites with improved properties opening new possibilities in the study of various physical processes, in particular the transmission and receipt of signals under water.

The book presents Russian experience in researching and developing theoretical and experimental problems of heavy concrete elements and constructions with functionally gradient structure, manufactured by using mechanical and electromagnetic vibrations, and broadly utilized in different areas of industry. Original theoretical, experimental and numerical methods are developed for the analysis and design of the aggregate and local characteristics of vibrated, centrifuged and vibro-centrifuged concrete rings and columns. The promising experimental techniques and results presented in this volume have been supported by Russian patents and used for improvement of reinforced concrete products.

This book presents selected, peer-reviewed proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Mechanical Engineering, Automation and Sustainable Development 2021 (AMAS2021), held in the city of Ha Long, Vietnam, from November 4 to 7, 2021. AMAS2021 is a special meeting of the International Conference on Material, Machines and Methods for Sustainable Development (MMMS), with a strong focus on automation and fostering an overall approach to assist policy makers, industries, and researchers at various levels to position local technological development toward sustainable development. The contributions published in this book stem from a wide spectrum of research, ranging from micro- and nanomaterial design and processing, to special applications in mechanical technology, environmental protection, green development, and climate change mitigation. A large group of contributions selected for these proceedings also focus on modeling and manufacturing of ecomaterials.

This book includes selected, peer-reviewed contributions from the 2018 International Conference on "Physics and Mechanics of New Materials and Their Applications", PHENMA 2018, held in Busan, South Korea, 9-11 August 2018. Focusing on manufacturing techniques, physics, mechanics, and applications of modern materials with special properties, it covers a broad spectrum of nanomaterials and structures, ferroelectrics and ferromagnetics, and other advanced materials and composites. The authors discuss approaches and methods in nanotechnology; newly developed, environmentally friendly piezoelectric techniques; and physical and mechanical studies of the microstructural and other properties of materials. Further, the book presents a range of original theoretical, experimental and computational methods and their application in the solution of various technological, mechanical and physical problems. Moreover, it highlights modern devices demonstrating high accuracy, longevity and the ability to operate over wide temperature and pressure ranges or in aggressive media. The developed devices show improved characteristics due to the use of advanced materials and composites, opening new horizons in the investigation of a variety of physical and mechanical processes and phenomena.

The developed original principles and approaches for advanced materials and composites (ferro-piezoelectrics, nanostructures, functional materials and polymeric structures etc.) defines the main achievements and directions of modern natural and technical sciences, technologies, techniques and industry. Direct improvement of the materials and devices characteristics are based on numerous chemical, physical and mechanical studies, modern numerical approaches and methods of mathematical modeling and physical experiment. These PHENMA 2018 proceedings are devoted to development and solution of different actual problems into framework of the above-mentioned scientific directions. The proposed book presents interesting original results in theoretical, computational and experimental methods, which allow manufacturing nano-materials and composites (for example, ferro-piezoelectrical and environmentally-friendly), and other materials in different scale levels with before given and improved properties. The materials could be obtained due to reprocessing natural materials, wasters, fruits and plants. These proceedings also discuss results of mathematical modeling and experimental studies of advanced devices (piezoelectric transducers, energy-harvesters, different sensors, medical devices etc.). The presented studies are based on the new generation nano-materials, ferro-piezoelectrics and other structure-sensitive materials with special properties. The book treats promising modern nano- and microstructure techniques for manufacture of different novel materials (for example, nanostructures) and devices, which are very important for educational purposes and industry, unification and development of various expertises, designs and analyzes. The book presents new results of internationally recognized scientific teams in different areas of materials science, condensed matter physics, physical and mechanical theory and experiment, processing techniques and engineering of advanced materials and composites, numerical methods and numerous applications. These results are devoted to R&D of advanced piezo-ferroelectrics, nanostructures, other promising materials and composites with specific properties, based on the developed processing techniques and modern approaches of chemistry, physics, mechanics and materials science, and also wide spectrum of applications including industry and marketing. The book presents a wide spectrum of results, obtained on the base of original mathematical models, physical experiments, computer modeling, and nano- and piezoelectric applications. This collection presents 50 selected reports of the 2018 International Conference on "Physics, Mechanics of New Materials and Their Applications" (PHENMA 2018, August 9-11, 2018, Busan, South Korea), http://phenma2018.math.sfedu.ru. The book is addressed to students, post-graduate students, scientists and engineers, investigating and developing a new generation of nano-materials and nano-composites, piezo-ferroelectrics, other advanced materials with structure-sensitive properties, and also different devices, manufactured on their base and used in numerous applications in various areas of science, technique and technology. The book presents new research methods and scientific results in the condensed matter physics, materials science, physical and mechanical experiment, processing techniques and engineering of nanomaterials, piezoelectrics and other advanced materials and composites, numerical methods, and also different applications and developed devices.

Advanced materials and composites play a very important role in prospective directions of modern science and technology, defining the quick development of technique and industry. Intense chemical, physical, and mechanical R&D of modern numerical approaches and methods of mathematical modeling are necessary for development and improvement of material properties. These PHENMA 2017 Proceedings are devoted to the development and solution seeking of different actual problems into a framework of the pointed research directions. The book presents new results of internationally recognized scientific teams in the fields of materials science, physics, mechanics, manufacturing techniques and technologies of advanced materials, operating in diapasons from the nanometer level to the macroscopic level. The proposed theoretical and experimental methods are devoted to new approaches and methods for fabrication of nanomaterials, (environmentally-friendly) piezoelectrics, magnetic and other advanced materials and composites. In particular, this book presents new results of theoretical and experimental analysis of advanced materials and devices with previously given and improved characteristics, developed on the basis of methods of electric elasticity and physics of condensed matter. Our results cover numerical approaches (in particular, finite-element, finite-difference and boundary-element modeling) developed on the basis of original computer software, demonstrating new fascinating results for advanced materials and devices. The developed materials with special properties and novel devices demonstrate higher and improved properties in comparison with corresponding characteristics of the competitive publications. In the result, it gives a new knowledge, which is necessary for numerous applications. The developed theoretical, computational and test methods, manufactured experimental devices and setups possess significant possibilities and demonstrate improvements in the study of various structure-sensitive properties of solids and media. This collection presents selected reports of the 2017 International Conference on Physics, Mechanics of New Materials and Their Applications (PHENMA 2017, October 14-16, 2017, Jabalpur, India), http://phenma2017.math.sfedu.ru; http://phenma2017.iiitdmj.ac.in. This book is addressed to students, post-graduate students, scientists and engineers that are studying and developing a new generation of nanomaterials and nanostructures, piezoelectrics and magnetic materials, other promising materials, and also various devices, manufactured on their base and intended for numerous applications in various regions of science, technique and technology. This book presents new investigations and scientific results in condensed matter physics, materials science, physical and mechanical experiments, processing techniques and engineering of nanomaterials, piezoelectrics, ferromagnetics and other advanced materials and composites, numerical methods, and various promising applications (including industrial) and developed devices.

Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) demonstrate simplicity of their excitation and receipt, as well as their availability to all propagation ways of signal branching and processing. SAW devices are divided into several main classes: filters for signal processing at intermediate frequencies, delay lines, resonators, filters with low losses for the input circuits of receiver, and antenna duplexers for the connected receivers. The SAW devices are not only able to conduct an effective signal processing, but also serve as a basis for multi-subsystems (matched filtering, signal processing, real-time Fourier transform processors, etc.). Additionally, SAW filters help scientists to realise the wide variety of frequency characteristics. Besides their unique electrical characteristics, SAW devices favorably differ from their analogs in small size, mechanical strength and high reliability, due to the quality of raw materials and their processing. The use of the photolithography and the achievements of group microelectronic technology in their production allow a researcher to achieve good reproducibility of parameters at relatively low cost. In addition, currently SAW devices are widely used in various sensors based on the SAW radio frequency identification. This book presents an attempt to generalise a multi-year experience on R&D of SAW devices. It develops original approaches directed at discovering solutions of technical problems, as development of various SAW devices are patented in Russia. Moreover, the book presents some experimental and theoretical research results.

Advanced materials and composites are very important for modern sciences, technologies, techniques and industrial development. Intense chemical, physical, mechanical researches and development of modern numerical approaches and methods of mathematical modeling are required to develop and improve their properties. These PHENMA 2016 proceedings are devoted to the development and solution of different problems concerning the framework of the pointed research directions. The book presents processing techniques, physics, mechanics, chemistry and applications of advanced materials, and also issues of industry and management. The book covers broad classes of modern materials, structures and composites with specific properties. It presents nanotechnology approaches, modern piezoelectric techniques, physical and mechanical studies of the structure-sensitive properties of the materials, modern methods and techniques of physical experiment, etc. A wide spectrum of mathematical and numerical methods is applied to the solution of different technological, mechanical and physical problems, which are interesting for modern applications. Great attention is devoted to the development of modern devices and goods with proper sizes, changing from nano- to macroscale ranges and possessing very high accuracy, longevity and extended possibilities to operate in wide temperature and pressure ranges. Industrial applications and modern requirements, problems of investments and management are necessary elements linking the introduction of modern materials and technologies. This collection presents selected reports of the 2016 International Conference on Physics, Mechanics of New Materials and Their Applications (PHENMA 2016, July 19-22, 2016, Surabaya, Indonesia), http://phenma2016.math.sfedu.ru.) It will be useful to students, post-graduate students, scientists and engineers taking part in R&D of modern piezoelectrics, magnetic materials, composites, nano-structures and other advanced materials, as well as different devices demonstrating broad applications in different areas of science, technique and technology. The book includes new studies and results in the fields of materials science, condensed matter physics, physical and mechanical theory and experiments, processing techniques and engineering of advanced materials and composites, numerical methods, and also different applications (including industrial) of developed devices and goods, investment approaches and management issues appropriate for these areas.

Advanced materials and composites, including piezoelectrics, nanomaterials, nanostructures, functional materials, polymeric composites and so on, are very important for modern sciences, technologies and techniques. This book presents processing techniques, physics, mechanics, chemistry and applications of advanced materials. It covers broad classes of modern materials, structures and composites with specific properties. Nanotechnology approaches, modern piezoelectric techniques, physical and mechanical studies of the structure-sensitive properties of the materials, modern methods and techniques of physical experiment, and more. This collection presents selected reports of the 2015 International Conference on "Physics, Mechanics of New Materials and Their Applications" (PHENMA 2015, May 19-22, 2015, Azov, Russia), devoted to the 100-year Anniversary of the Southern Federal University. The book is addressed to students, post-graduate students, scientists and engineers taking part in R&D of nanomaterials, piezoelectrics, magnetic and other advanced materials, as well as different devices which are based on these constituents demonstrating broad applications in different areas of science, technique and technology. This book includes new studies and results in the fields of condensed matter physics, materials science, physical and mechanical experiments, processing techniques and engineering of nanomaterials, piezoelectrics, other advanced materials and composites, and numerical methods and results. Also, different applications, developed devices and goods are critiqued and analysed.