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The book is one of few attempts for students preparing for under
graduate examination in Toxicology. The whole book is in the
Question and answer form, which will be extremely useful for the
students who do not know the art of answering questions in the
examination and do not fare well despite their vast knowledge of
the subject. Inspite of this the continuity of the matter in each
chapter is retained. The language of the book is simple, lucid and
understandable to average students. Suggestions regarding the
subject matter and the pattern shall be welcomed.This book contains
principles of toxicology, principle of management, corrosive
poisons, irritant poisons, organophosphorus compounds, arsenic,
mercury, lead, copper, vegetable poisons, opium, alcohol,
chloroform, deliriant poisons, spinal poisons, animal irritants,
cardiac poisons, asphyxiants and many more.
Objectives of the present study were to assess the mizaj of the
patients having different types of diseases and to evaluate the
harmoney of diseases in respect of Mizaj and to provide some
knowledge/instructions to maintain their health and to prevent the
diseases which may occur in them in future.For carrying out the
present study 400 patients were enrolled of either sex with age
group of 20-60 yrs. The patients did not fulfil the criteria
excluded from the study, like accidental, traumatic and deaf and
dumb patients. Following enrolment of the patients, their Mizaj was
assessed individually by two performa designed on the bases of ten
A'lamat (10 determinates) and signs and symptoms of dominance of
Akhlat. After assessment of Mizaj prevalence of Sue Mizaj Sada, Sue
Mizaj Murakkab and Sue Mizaj Maaddi were observed.
Paired kidneys are reddish bean shaped organs about 10-12cm long,
5-7cm wide, 3cm thick and has a mass of 135-150g.10 The kidneys lie
on the posterior abdominal wall, one on each side of vertebral
column, behind the peritoneum and below diaphragm. They extend from
the level of 12th thoracic vertebrae to 3rd lumbar vertebrae. The
main function of kidney can be categorized as Formation of urine,
Water & electrolyte balance, Production of hormones &
enzymes. In the resting adult, kidney receives 1.2-1.3litres of
blood/min. In an adult, the GFR averages 120ml/min. The collecting
duct of kidney is an area of fine control of ultrafiltrate
composition & volume, where final adjustment in electrolyte
composition is made by the action of mineralocortioid & ADH.
The hypertonicity of medullary interstitium plays an important role
in concentrating the urine. The kidney not only excretes the
metabolic substances, but also toxic agents from the body.6 Hence
kidney becomes one of the important targets for the toxicity of
agents more than other organs in body.
The term urogenital refers to something that has both urinary and
genital origins. The word urogenital is used because the urinary
and reproductive systems in males merge. The male urogenital system
consists of several parts, including the testes, epididymis, vas
deferens, ejaculatory ducts, urethra, penis, prostate and accessory
glands. A sexual problem, or sexual dysfunction, refers to a
problem during any phase of the sexual response cycle that prevents
the individual or couple from experiencing satisfaction from the
sexual activity. The sexual response cycle has four phases:
excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. While research
suggests that sexual dysfunction is common (43% of women and 31% of
men report some degree of difficulty), it is a topic that many
people are hesitant to discuss. Fortunately, most cases of sexual
dysfunction are treatable, so it is important to share your
concerns with your partner and doctor.
All praises be to "Almighty Allah" the lord of the world, the most
beneficent and merciful and peace be upon his Prophet Mohammed
(SAWS). Through the grace of Almighty Allah, the uphill task on my
shoulder has been accomplished. The completion of this dissertation
is not only fulfillment of my dreams but also of my parents who
have sacrificed a lot for me in completion of this course. The
writing of a dissertation is obviously not possible without the
support and company of numerous people. It is a pleasant aspect
that I have now the opportunity to express my gratitude for all of
them. Lastly, I pray to Almighty Allah to show me the right path,
the path of those whom He has favored and not the path of those who
earn His anger or those who go astray.
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