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Originally published in 1985. This study concerns the problem of
treating identity as a relation between an object and itself. It
addresses the Russellian and Fregean solutions and goes on to
present in the first part a surfacist account of belief-context
ambiguity requiring neither differences in relative scope nor
distinctions between sense and reference. The second part offers an
account of negative existentials, necessity and identity-statements
which resolves problems unlike the Russell-Frege analyses. This is
a detailed work in linguistics and philosophy.
Originally published in 1985. This study concerns the problem of
treating identity as a relation between an object and itself. It
addresses the Russellian and Fregean solutions and goes on to
present in the first part a surfacist account of belief-context
ambiguity requiring neither differences in relative scope nor
distinctions between sense and reference. The second part offers an
account of negative existentials, necessity and identity-statements
which resolves problems unlike the Russell-Frege analyses. This is
a detailed work in linguistics and philosophy.
Great first book on algebraic topology. Introduces (co)homology
through singular theory.
How policies forged after September 11 were weaponized under Trump
and turned on American democracy itself In the wake of the
September 11 terror attacks, the American government implemented a
wave of overt policies to fight the nation's enemies. Unseen and
undetected by the public, however, another set of tools was brought
to bear on the domestic front. In this riveting book, one of
today's leading experts on the US security state shows how these
"subtle tools" imperiled the very foundations of democracy, from
the separation of powers and transparency in government to
adherence to the Constitution. Taking readers from Ground Zero to
the Capitol insurrection, Karen Greenberg describes the subtle
tools that were forged under George W. Bush in the name of
security: imprecise language, bureaucratic confusion, secrecy, and
the bypassing of procedural and legal norms. While the power and
legacy of these tools lasted into the Obama years, reliance on them
increased exponentially in the Trump era, both in the fight against
terrorism abroad and in battles closer to home. Greenberg discusses
how the Trump administration weaponized these tools to separate
families at the border, suppress Black Lives Matter protests, and
attempt to overturn the 2020 presidential election. Revealing the
deeper consequences of the war on terror, Subtle Tools paints a
troubling portrait of an increasingly undemocratic America where
disinformation, xenophobia, and disdain for the law became the new
norm, and where the subtle tools of national security threatened
democracy itself.
Mortality is a recurrent theme in films across genres, periods,
nations, and directors. This book brings together an accomplished
set of authors with backgrounds in film analysis, psychology, and
philosophy to examine how the knowledge of death, the fear of our
mortality, and the ways people cope with mortality are represented
in cinema.
Mortality is a recurrent theme in films across genres, periods,
nations, and directors. This book brings together an accomplished
set of authors with backgrounds in film analysis, psychology, and
philosophy to examine how the knowledge of death, the fear of our
mortality, and the ways people cope with mortality are represented
in cinema.
The goal of this book is to present local class field theory from
the cohomo logical point of view, following the method inaugurated
by Hochschild and developed by Artin-Tate. This theory is about
extensions-primarily abelian-of "local" (i.e., complete for a
discrete valuation) fields with finite residue field. For example,
such fields are obtained by completing an algebraic number field;
that is one of the aspects of "localisation." The chapters are
grouped in "parts." There are three preliminary parts: the first
two on the general theory of local fields, the third on group coho
mology. Local class field theory, strictly speaking, does not
appear until the fourth part. Here is a more precise outline of the
contents of these four parts: The first contains basic definitions
and results on discrete valuation rings, Dedekind domains (which
are their "globalisation") and the completion process. The
prerequisite for this part is a knowledge of elementary notions of
algebra and topology, which may be found for instance in Bourbaki.
The second part is concerned with ramification phenomena
(different, discriminant, ramification groups, Artin
representation). Just as in the first part, no assumptions are made
here about the residue fields. It is in this setting that the
"norm" map is studied; I have expressed the results in terms of
"additive polynomials" and of "multiplicative polynomials," since
using the language of algebraic geometry would have led me too far
astray."
The molecular mechanisms which determine whether the cells of a
multicellular organism will live or commit suicide have become a
popular field of research in biology during the last decade. Cell
death research in the plant field has also been expanding rapidly
in the past 5 years. This special volume of Plant Molecular Biology
seeks to bring together examples of a diverse array of experimental
approaches in a single volume. From the differentiation of
tracheary elements in vascular plants to the more specialized cell
death model of the aleurone in cereals, this volume will bring the
reader up-to-date with the characterization of different plant
model systems that are currently being studied. This endeavor
should complement general overviews of plant cell death mechanisms
that have been published elsewhere by providing more detailed
information on various aspects of this field to interested graduate
students and more senior biologists alike.
It is quite an onerous task to edit the proceedings of a two week
long institute with learned contributors from many parts of the
world. All the same, the editorial team has found the process of
refereeing and reviewing the contributions worthwhile and
completing the volume has proven to be a satisfying task. In
setting up the institute we had considered models and methods taken
from a number of different disciplines. As a result the whole
institute - preparing for it, attending it and editing the
proceedings - proved to be an intense learning experience for us.
Here I speak on behalf of the committee and the editorial team. By
the time the institute took place, the papers were delivered and
the delegates exchanged their views, the structure of the topics
covered and their relative positioning appeared in a different
light. In editing the volume I felt compelled to introduce a new
structure in grouping the papers. The contents of this volume are
organised in eight main sections set out below: 1 . Abstracts. 2.
Review Paper. 3. Models with Multiple Criteria and Single or
Multiple Decision Makers. 4. Use of Optimisation Models as Decision
Support Tools. 5. Role of Information Systems in Decision Making:
Database and Model Management Issues. 6. Methods of Artificial
Intelligence in Decision Making: Intelligent Knowledge Based
Systems. 7. Representation of Uncertainty in Mathematical Models
and Knowledge Based Systems. 8. Mathematical Basis for Constructing
Models and Model Validation.
This volume reflects the theme of the INFORMS 2004 Meeting in
Denver: Back to OR Roots. Emerging as a quantitative approach to
problem-solving in World War II, our founders were physicists,
mathematicians, and engineers who quickly found peace-time uses. It
is fair to say that Operations Research (OR) was born in the same
incubator as computer science, and it has spawned many new
disciplines, such as systems engineering, health care management,
and transportation science. Although people from many disciplines
routinely use OR methods, many scientific researchers, engineers,
and others do not understand basic OR tools and how they can help
them. Disciplines ranging from finance to bioengineering are the
beneficiaries of what we do - we take an interdisciplinary approach
to problem-solving. Our strengths are modeling, analysis, and
algorithm design. We provide a quanti- tive foundation for a broad
spectrum of problems, from economics to medicine, from
environmental control to sports, from e-commerce to computational -
ometry. We are both producers and consumers because the mainstream
of OR is in the interfaces. As part of this effort to recognize and
extend OR roots in future probl- solving, we organized a set of
tutorials designed for people who heard of the topic and want to
decide whether to learn it. The 90 minutes was spent addre- ing the
questions: What is this about, in a nutshell? Why is it important?
Where can I learn more? In total, we had 14 tutorials, and eight of
them are published here.
Great first book on algebraic topology. Introduces (co)homology
through singular theory.
This volume reflects the theme of the INFORMS 2004 Meeting in
Denver: Back to OR Roots. Emerging as a quantitative approach to
problem-solving in World War II, our founders were physicists,
mathematicians, and engineers who quickly found peace-time uses. It
is fair to say that Operations Research (OR) was born in the same
incubator as computer science, and it has spawned many new
disciplines, such as systems engineering, health care management,
and transportation science. Although people from many disciplines
routinely use OR methods, many scientific researchers, engineers,
and others do not understand basic OR tools and how they can help
them. Disciplines ranging from finance to bioengineering are the
beneficiaries of what we do - we take an interdisciplinary approach
to problem-solving. Our strengths are modeling, analysis, and
algorithm design. We provide a quanti- tive foundation for a broad
spectrum of problems, from economics to medicine, from
environmental control to sports, from e-commerce to computational -
ometry. We are both producers and consumers because the mainstream
of OR is in the interfaces. As part of this effort to recognize and
extend OR roots in future probl- solving, we organized a set of
tutorials designed for people who heard of the topic and want to
decide whether to learn it. The 90 minutes was spent addre- ing the
questions: What is this about, in a nutshell? Why is it important?
Where can I learn more? In total, we had 14 tutorials, and eight of
them are published here.
From the Foundations in Global Studies series, this text offers
students a fresh, comprehensive, multidisciplinary entry point to
Latin America. After a brief introduction to the study of the
region, the early chapters of the book survey the essentials of
Latin American history; important historical narratives; and the
region's languages, religions, and global connections. Students are
guided through the material with relevant maps, resource boxes, and
text boxes that support and guide further independent exploration
of the topics at hand. The second half of the book features
interdisciplinary case studies, each of which focuses on a specific
country or subregion and a particular issue. Each chapter gives a
flavor for the cultural distinctiveness of the particular country
yet also draws attention to global linkages. Readers will come away
from this book with an understanding of the larger historical,
political, and cultural frameworks that shaped Latin America as we
know it today, and of current issues that have relevance in Latin
America and beyond.
How policies forged after September 11 were weaponized under Trump
and turned on American democracy itself In the wake of the
September 11 terror attacks, the American government implemented a
wave of overt policies to fight the nation's enemies. Unseen and
undetected by the public, however, another set of tools was brought
to bear on the domestic front. In this riveting book, one of
today's leading experts on the US security state shows how these
"subtle tools" imperiled the very foundations of democracy, from
the separation of powers and transparency in government to
adherence to the Constitution. Taking readers from Ground Zero to
the Capitol insurrection, Karen Greenberg describes the subtle
tools that were forged under George W. Bush in the name of
security: imprecise language, bureaucratic confusion, secrecy, and
the bypassing of procedural and legal norms. While the power and
legacy of these tools lasted into the Obama years, reliance on them
increased exponentially in the Trump era, both in the fight against
terrorism abroad and in battles closer to home. Greenberg discusses
how the Trump administration weaponized these tools to separate
families at the border, suppress Black Lives Matter protests, and
attempt to overturn the 2020 presidential election. Revealing the
deeper consequences of the war on terror, Subtle Tools paints a
troubling portrait of an increasingly undemocratic America where
disinformation, xenophobia, and disdain for the law became the new
norm, and where the subtle tools of national security threatened
democracy itself.
From the Foundations in Global Studies series, this text offers
students a fresh, comprehensive, multidisciplinary entry point to
Latin America. After a brief introduction to the study of the
region, the early chapters of the book survey the essentials of
Latin American history; important historical narratives; and the
region's languages, religions, and global connections. Students are
guided through the material with relevant maps, resource boxes, and
text boxes that support and guide further independent exploration
of the topics at hand. The second half of the book features
interdisciplinary case studies, each of which focuses on a specific
country or subregion and a particular issue. Each chapter gives a
flavor for the cultural distinctiveness of the particular country
yet also draws attention to global linkages. Readers will come away
from this book with an understanding of the larger historical,
political, and cultural frameworks that shaped Latin America as we
know it today, and of current issues that have relevance in Latin
America and beyond.
The goal of this book is to present local class field theory from
the cohomo logical point of view, following the method inaugurated
by Hochschild and developed by Artin-Tate. This theory is about
extensions-primarily abelian-of "local" (i.e., complete for a
discrete valuation) fields with finite residue field. For example,
such fields are obtained by completing an algebraic number field;
that is one of the aspects of "localisation." The chapters are
grouped in "parts." There are three preliminary parts: the first
two on the general theory of local fields, the third on group coho
mology. Local class field theory, strictly speaking, does not
appear until the fourth part. Here is a more precise outline of the
contents of these four parts: The first contains basic definitions
and results on discrete valuation rings, Dedekind domains (which
are their "globalisation") and the completion process. The
prerequisite for this part is a knowledge of elementary notions of
algebra and topology, which may be found for instance in Bourbaki.
The second part is concerned with ramification phenomena
(different, discriminant, ramification groups, Artin
representation). Just as in the first part, no assumptions are made
here about the residue fields. It is in this setting that the
"norm" map is studied; I have expressed the results in terms of
"additive polynomials" and of "multiplicative polynomials," since
using the language of algebraic geometry would have led me too far
astray."
Reimagining the National Security State provides the first
comprehensive picture of the toll that US government policies took
on civil liberties, human rights, and the rule of law in the name
of the war on terror. Looking through the lenses of theory,
history, law, and policy, the essays in this volume illuminate the
ways in which liberal democracy suffered at the hands of
policymakers in the name of national security. The contributors,
who are leading experts and practitioners in fields ranging from
political theory to evolutionary biology, discuss the vast
expansion of executive powers, the excessive reliance secrecy, and
the exploration of questionable legal territory in matters of
detention, criminal justice, targeted killings, and warfare. This
book gives the reader an eye-opening window onto the historical
precedents and lasting impact the security state has had on civil
liberties, human rights and, the rule of law in the name of the war
on terror.
This is the definitive presentation of the history, development
and philosophical significance of non-Euclidean geometry as well as
of the rigorous foundations for it and for elementary Euclidean
geometry, essentially according to Hilbert. Appropriate for liberal
arts students, prospective high school teachers, math. majors, and
even bright high school students. The first eight chapters are
mostly accessible to any educated reader; the last two chapters and
the two appendices contain more advanced material, such as the
classification of motions, hyperbolic trigonometry, hyperbolic
constructions, classification of Hilbert planes and an introduction
to Riemannian geometry.
Reimagining the National Security State provides the first
comprehensive picture of the toll that US government policies took
on civil liberties, human rights, and the rule of law in the name
of the war on terror. Looking through the lenses of theory,
history, law, and policy, the essays in this volume illuminate the
ways in which liberal democracy suffered at the hands of
policymakers in the name of national security. The contributors,
who are leading experts and practitioners in fields ranging from
political theory to evolutionary biology, discuss the vast
expansion of executive powers, the excessive reliance secrecy, and
the exploration of questionable legal territory in matters of
detention, criminal justice, targeted killings, and warfare. This
book gives the reader an eye-opening window onto the historical
precedents and lasting impact the security state has had on civil
liberties, human rights and, the rule of law in the name of the war
on terror.
This book presents the five major enemy combatant cases of the
post-9/11 era. Presented in narrative form, these original
documents tell the story that clarifies the questions at the heart
of the American detention of alleged combatants in the war on
terror. These documents discuss the right to counsel, the right to
a trial, the right for the accused to see the evidence against him,
and the intersection between domestic and international law. The
book highlights the tension between the needs of national security
and the liberties allotted to alleged enemies of the state by
highlighting the basic question of what the US Constitution
guarantees and to whom. The reader can follow the evolving
arguments about presidential powers in time of war, habeas corpus,
the Geneva Conventions, balance of powers, and matters of detention
and prisoner treatment. This book is meant for those who seek to
understand the issues that have dominated the search for balance
between justice and security in the war on terror.
Following completion of the U.S. air base in Natal, Brazil, in
1942, U.S. airmen departing for North Africa during World War II
communicated with Brazilian mechanics with a thumbs-up before
starting their engines. This sign soon replaced the Brazilian
tradition of touching the earlobe to indicate agreement,
friendship, and all that was positive and good-yet another
indication of the Americanization of Brazil under way during this
period. In this translation of O Imperialismo Sedutor, Antonio
Pedro Tota considers both the Good Neighbor Policy and broader
cultural influences to argue against simplistic theories of U.S.
cultural imperialism and exploitation. He shows that Brazilians
actively interpreted, negotiated, and reconfigured U.S. culture in
a process of cultural recombination. The market, he argues, was far
more important in determining the nature of this cultural exchange
than state-directed propaganda efforts because Brazil already was
primed to adopt and disseminate American culture within the
framework of its own rapidly expanding market for mass culture. By
examining the motives and strategies behind rising U.S. influence
and its relationship to a simultaneous process of cultural and
political centralization in Brazil, Tota shows that these processes
were not contradictory, but rather mutually reinforcing. The
Seduction of Brazil brings greater sophistication to both Brazilian
and American understanding of the forces at play during this
period, and should appeal to historians as well as students of
Latin America, culture, and communications.
Ever since its foundation in 2002, the Guantanamo Bay Detention
Facility has become the symbol for many people around the world of
all that is wrong with the 'war on terror'. Secretive, inhumane,
and illegal by most international standards, it has been seen by
many as a testament to American hubris in the post-9/11 era. Yet
until now no one has written about the most revealing part of the
story - the prison's first 100 days. It was during this time that a
group of career military men and women tried to uphold the
traditional military codes of honour and justice that informed
their training in the face of a far more ruthless, less rule-bound,
civilian leadership in the Pentagon. They were defeated. This book
tells their story for the first time. It is a tale of how
individual officers on the ground at Guantanamo, along with their
direct superiors, struggled with their assignment from Washington,
only to be unwittingly co-opted into the Pentagon's plan to turn
the prison into an interrogation facility operating at the margins
of the law and beyond.
The Enemy Combatants Papers presents the five major enemy combatant
cases of the post-9/11 era. Presented in narrative form, these
original documents tell the story that clarifies the questions at
the heart of the American detention of alleged combatants in the
war on terror. These documents discuss the right to counsel, the
right to a trial, the right for the accused to see the evidence
against him, and the intersection between domestic and
international law. The book highlights the tension between the
needs of national security and the liberties allotted to alleged
enemies of the state by highlighting the basic question of what the
U.S. Constitution guarantees and to whom. In these documents, the
reader can follow the evolving arguments about presidential powers
in time of war, habeas corpus, the Geneva Conventions, balance of
powers, and matters of detention and prisoner treatment.
Complemented with a comprehensive timeline and appendices that
include the relevant cases from the Civil War, World War II, and
the Korean War and the premises for setting up military commissions
and Combatant Status Review Tribunals, this book is meant for those
who seek to understand the issues - legal, political, and military
- that have dominated the search for balance between justice and
security in the war on terror.
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