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This collection explores the post-2000 film Western. With examples
ranging from major American films, through acclaimed international
productions, to works such as experimental films and television
commercials, the contributors seek to account for the appeal and
currency of the film Western today.
One of the most challenging and fascinating problems of the theory
of neural nets is that of asymptotic behavior, of how a system
behaves as time proceeds. This is of particular relevance to many
practical applications. Here we focus on association,
generalization, and representation. We turn to the last topic
first. The introductory chapter, "Global Analysis of Recurrent
Neural Net works," by Andreas Herz presents an in-depth analysis of
how to construct a Lyapunov function for various types of dynamics
and neural coding. It includes a review of the recent work with
John Hopfield on integrate-and fire neurons with local
interactions. The chapter, "Receptive Fields and Maps in the Visual
Cortex: Models of Ocular Dominance and Orientation Columns" by Ken
Miller, explains how the primary visual cortex may asymptotically
gain its specific structure through a self-organization process
based on Hebbian learning. His argu ment since has been shown to be
rather susceptible to generalization."
Since the appearance of Vol. 1 of Models of Neural Networks in
1991, the theory of neural nets has focused on two paradigms:
information coding through coherent firing of the neurons and
functional feedback. Information coding through coherent neuronal
firing exploits time as a cardinal degree of freedom. This capacity
of a neural network rests on the fact that the neuronal action
potential is a short, say 1 ms, spike, localized in space and time.
Spatial as well as temporal correlations of activity may represent
different states of a network. In particular, temporal correlations
of activity may express that neurons process the same "object" of,
for example, a visual scene by spiking at the very same time. The
traditional description of a neural network through a firing rate,
the famous S-shaped curve, presupposes a wide time window of, say,
at least 100 ms. It thus fails to exploit the capacity to "bind"
sets of coherently firing neurons for the purpose of both scene
segmentation and figure-ground segregation. Feedback is a dominant
feature of the structural organization of the brain. Recurrent
neural networks have been studied extensively in the physical
literature, starting with the ground breaking work of John Hop
field (1982)."
Pain management is an essential part of clinical practice for all
healthcare providers from trainees, physician assistants and nurse
practitioners through to practising physicians. Problem-Based Pain
Management is a collaboration between experts in anesthesiology,
geriatric medicine, neurology, psychiatry and rehabilitation which
presents a multidisciplinary management strategy. Over 60 chapters
follow a standard, easy-to-read, quick access format on: clinical
presentation, signs and symptoms, lab tests, imaging studies,
differential diagnosis, pharmacotherapy, non-pharmacologic
approach, interventional procedure, follow-up and prognosis. The
broad spectrum of topics include headache, neck and back pain,
bursitis, phantom limb pain, sickle cell disease and palliative
care. Unlike other large, cumbersome texts currently available,
this book serves as a quick, concise and pertinent reference in the
diagnosis and management of common pain syndromes.
With no effort we scan a scene by directing our gaze at specific objects, discerning them individually despite the background of other objects, contours, shadows, and changes in illumination. The process is partially intentional, partially automatic, and entirely amazing: no machine can accomplish this, but the simplest insect can. A single glance captures megabytes of data; we reduce this flood by singling out specific objects for attention. This volume, with chapters by leading researchers in the field, is devoted to early vision and attention, that is, to the first stages of visual information processing. John Hertz, who has extensive experience in both computational and experimental neuroscience, provides a theoretical introduction to neural modeling. John Van Opstal explains how the gaze is controlled and presents a novel theory incorporating recent experimental results. Klaus Funke and his colleagues describe the anatomy, physiology, functional relations, and ensuing response properties of the first stages in visual information processing; they provide one of the most comprehensive reviews available at the moment. Reinhard Eckhorn explains the underlying principles of scene segmentation. Esther Peterhans and her coworkers analyze a model of figure-ground segregation and brightness perception at illusory contours. Ernst Niebur and his collaborators indicate how visual attention can be controlled; Julian Eggert and Leo van Hemmen elucidate the feedback mechanism proper. Rob de Ruyter van Steveninck and Bill Bialek show how insects process visual information with impressive efficiency. Finally, Wolfgang Maass describes paradigms for computing with spiking neurons from the point of view of a computer scientist.
One of the most challenging and fascinating problems of the theory
of neural nets is that of asymptotic behavior, of how a system
behaves as time proceeds. This is of particular relevance to many
practical applications. Here we focus on association,
generalization, and representation. We turn to the last topic
first. The introductory chapter, "Global Analysis of Recurrent
Neural Net works," by Andreas Herz presents an in-depth analysis of
how to construct a Lyapunov function for various types of dynamics
and neural coding. It includes a review of the recent work with
John Hopfield on integrate-and fire neurons with local
interactions. The chapter, "Receptive Fields and Maps in the Visual
Cortex: Models of Ocular Dominance and Orientation Columns" by Ken
Miller, explains how the primary visual cortex may asymptotically
gain its specific structure through a self-organization process
based on Hebbian learning. His argu ment since has been shown to be
rather susceptible to generalization."
One of the great intellectual challenges for the next few decades
is the question of brain organization. What is the basic mechanism
for storage of memory? What are the processes that serve as the
interphase between the basically chemical processes of the body and
the very specific and nonstatistical operations in the brain? Above
all, how is concept formation achieved in the human brain? I wonder
whether the spirit of the physics that will be involved in these
studies will not be akin to that which moved the founders of the
"rational foundation of thermodynamics". C. N. Yang! 10 The human
brain is said to have roughly 10 neurons connected through about 14
10 synapses. Each neuron is itself a complex device which compares
and integrates incoming electrical signals and relays a nonlinear
response to other neurons. The brain certainly exceeds in
complexity any system which physicists have studied in the past.
Nevertheless, there do exist many analogies of the brain to simpler
physical systems. We have witnessed during the last decade some
surprising contributions of physics to the study of the brain. The
most significant parallel between biological brains and many
physical systems is that both are made of many tightly interacting
components.
This volume, with chapters by leading researchers in the field, is
devoted to early vision and attention, that is, to the first stages
of visual information processing. This state-of-the-art look at
biological neural networks spans the many subfields, such as
computational and experimental neuroscience; anatomy and
physiology; visual information processing and scene segmentation;
perception at illusory contours; control of visual attention; and
paradigms for computing with spiking neurons.
Since the appearance of Vol. 1 of Models of Neural Networks in
1991, the theory of neural nets has focused on two paradigms:
information coding through coherent firing of the neurons and
functional feedback. Information coding through coherent neuronal
firing exploits time as a cardinal degree of freedom. This capacity
of a neural network rests on the fact that the neuronal action
potential is a short, say 1 ms, spike, localized in space and time.
Spatial as well as temporal correlations of activity may represent
different states of a network. In particular, temporal correlations
of activity may express that neurons process the same "object" of,
for example, a visual scene by spiking at the very same time. The
traditional description of a neural network through a firing rate,
the famous S-shaped curve, presupposes a wide time window of, say,
at least 100 ms. It thus fails to exploit the capacity to "bind"
sets of coherently firing neurons for the purpose of both scene
segmentation and figure-ground segregation. Feedback is a dominant
feature of the structural organization of the brain. Recurrent
neural networks have been studied extensively in the physical
literature, starting with the ground breaking work of John Hop
field (1982)."
While recognizing the multidisciplinary nature of pain
management, the Clinical Manual of Pain Management in Psychiatry
focuses on the role of mental health practitioners in evaluation
and assessment, pharmacological management, psychotherapeutic
interventions, and comprehensive treatment planning. It balances
theoretical foundations of pain pathophysiology with applied
clinical information, providing guidelines to psychiatric
differential diagnosis of pain states and psychiatric comorbidities
associated with pain and integrating diagnostic and treatment
approaches. Because proper treatment requires understanding the
whole person, the book views the patient from biological,
psychological, and social perspectives. It stresses the importance
of examining psychological variables that can limit outcomes and
even preclude aggressive interventional approaches. The manual also
includes considerations pertinent to the elderly, children, and
cultural groups.
This manual expands on the author's previous Concise Guide to
Pain Management for Psychiatrists to reflect significant advances
in the field of pain medicine. It updates trends in treatment
approaches along with our understanding of chronic pain conditions,
and presents new knowledge of the biological substrates underlying
both pain and psychiatric comorbidities. The manual features
particularly extensive revisions regarding the use of psychiatric
and other adjunctive medications in pain management, including
expanded discussion of long-term adverse effects, dependence, and
pseudoaddictive behaviors involving opiates and weak analgesics. It
also delineates the use of adjunctive treatments, including
evolving data on the use of antidepressants and related medications
for patients with chronic pain. Among the its practical benefits,
the book - Features updated coverage of common psychiatric
comorbidities such as depression, anxiety, and personality
disorders- Addresses common pain disorders ranging from headache
and back pain to pain related to cancer and HIV- Includes an
extensively revised chapter on pharmacology, familiarizing readers
with the range of pain medications and providing information on
dosages and side effects- Fully discusses psychotherapeutic
approaches, plus adjunctive interventions such as biofeedback and
hypnosis - Covers special techniques such as acupuncture and
regional neural blockade- Offers updated advice on emerging
forensic issues, from disability claims to controlled substance
diversion
With pain management issues so common in daily practice, this
handy portable guide is designed for quick reference, features
numerous tables and illustrations, and is easily understandable by
less experienced clinicians or non-pain specialists. While written
expressly for busy psychiatrists, it is also useful to
psychologists, social workers, and other physicians.
This collection explores the post-2000 film Western. With examples
ranging from major American films, through acclaimed international
productions, to works such as experimental films and television
commercials, the contributors seek to account for the appeal and
currency of the film Western today.
The complexity of the brain and the protean nature of behavior
remain the most elusive area of science, but also the most
important. van Hemmen and Sejnowski invited 23 experts from the
many areas--from evolution to qualia--of systems neuroscience to
formulate one problem each. Although each chapter was written
independently and can be read separately, together they provide a
useful roadmap to the field of systems neuroscience and will serve
as a source of inspirations for future explorers of the brain.
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