Massive Connectivity Learn to support more devices and sensors in Internet of Things applications through NOMA and machine-type communication Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has held much interest due to its ability to provide a higher spectral efficiency--such as more bits per unit bandwidth in Hertz--than other, orthogonal multiple access schemes. The majority of this research focuses on the application of NOMA to downlink channels (from base station to users) in cellular systems as its use for uplink (users to base station) is somewhat circumscribed. However, NOMA has recently been employed in contention-based uplink access, which has shown an improvement in performance that allows an increase in the number of users that can be supported. As a result, NOMA is promising for machine-type communication (MTC) in 5G systems and beyond, making it a key enabler of the Internet of Things (IoT). Massive Connectivity provides an in-depth, comprehensive view of the benefits and drawbacks of uplink NOMA random access (RA) systems. This text offers a basic introduction and description of uplink NOMA RA systems before considering the possibilities for evolution of the scheme as attempts are made to derive the most benefits and overcome any weaknesses. The book further presents key performance analysis while also highlighting game-theoretic views. In essence, by describing the essential properties of stable and high-throughput yielding RA systems, the book demonstrates that uplink NOMA can fulfill these required properties. Massive Connectivity readers will also find: An extensive literature survey on RA systems and their applications since the 1970s Recent advances in random access for massive connectivity Retransmission control algorithms for NOMA random access Discussion of how uplink NOMA random access systems can be integrated into the existing long-term evolution (LTE) or upcoming 5G cellular networks Massive Connectivity is a useful reference for field engineers and academics, as well as experts for random access systems for IoT applications.

Probabilistic Power System Expansion Planning with Renewable Energy Resources and Energy Storage Systems Discover how modern techniques have shaped complex power system expansion planning with this one-stop resource from two experts in the field Probabilistic Power System Expansion Planning with Renewable Energy Resources and Energy Storage Systems delivers a comprehensive collection of innovative approaches to the probabilistic planning of generation and transmission systems under uncertainties. The book includes renewables and energy storage calculations when using probabilistic and deterministic reliability techniques to assess system performance from a long-term expansion planning viewpoint. Divided into two sections, the book first covers topics related to Generation Expansion Planning, with chapters on cost assessment, methodology and optimization, and more. The second and final section provides information on Transmission System Expansion Planning, with chapters on reliability constraints, probabilistic production cost simulation, and more. Probabilistic Power System Expansion Planning compares the optimization and methodology across dynamic, linear, and integer programming and explores the branch and bound algorithm. Along with case studies to demonstrate how the techniques described within have been applied in complex power system expansion planning problems, readers will enjoy: A thorough discussion of generation expansion planning, including cost assessment, methodology and optimization, and probabilistic production cost An exploration of transmission system expansion planning, including the branch and bound algorithm, probabilistic production cost simulation for TEP, and TEP with reliability constraints An examination of fuzzy decision making applied to transmission system expansion planning A treatment of probabilistic reliability-based grid expansion planning of power systems including wind turbine generators Perfect for power and energy systems designers, planners, operators, consultants, practicing engineers, software developers, and researchers, Probabilistic Power System Expansion Planning with Renewable Energy Resources and Energy Storage Systems will also earn a place in the libraries of practicing engineers who regularly deal with optimization problems.

This edited volume on "Credit, Currency, or Derivatives: Instruments of Global Financial Stability or Crisis" contains original papers that examine various issues concerning the role, the structure and functioning of credit, currency and derivatives instruments and markets as they relate to financial crises. We stress the importance of the inter-linkages of these instruments and markets in promoting or hindering financial stability or crises as well as government policies, on a local and global level. The papers in this volume highlight various aspects of credit and currency instruments and markets, along with their interactions, for the stability of domestic and international financial systems. Particular emphasis is given on the failures of regulatory systems and their implications for systemic financial crises. Also, the papers analyze the costs of financial crises and explore the institutional and economic arrangements that could ameliorate the adverse effects of financial crises in advanced and emerging-market countries.

The Oxford American Handbook of Clinical Medicine Second Edition covers all areas of internal medicine and surgery, offering up-to-date advice on examination, diagnostic testing, common procedures, and in-patient care. Students, residents, nurses, and clinicians will find the handbook to be a succinct, comprehensive, and affordable introduction to clinical medicine in the popular format of the Oxford American Handbooks in Medicine series. The second edition includes a thorough updating of diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines, updated information on key clinical trials, numerous new images, and new information on palliative care. This handbook has everything you need for on-the-spot access to evidence-based clinical management guidelines.

The average size of establishments rose through the expansion of the 1990s, and then fell slightly during the expansion of the 2000s. In this paper, we seek to understand the change in trend in the average size of establishments during the last two decades. We begin with an exploration of the robustness of the basic empirical facts. Both Business Employment Dynamics statistics from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and Business Dynamics Statistics from the Census Bureau show that the average size of businesses - both establishments and firms - is growing slower in the 2000s than in the 1990s. The Census Bureau data also show the trends of average size in the 1990s are similar to the trends from the late 1970s and the 1980s. Our empirical analysis results in two main conclusions. First, the change in trend of the average size of establishments occurs in almost all industries, and our decomposition shows that the sizeable shifts in industry composition that occurred in the U.S. economy during the past two decades account for only about half of the downward trend during the 2000s expansion. Second, we find that the decrease in the average size of establishments during the 2000s expansion can be explained by the age of establishments. Specifically, we find that establishment births are starting smaller and staying smaller.

The purpose of this thesis research was to determine if stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) amplification in multimode optical fibers would exhibit the same laser beam combining and clean-up properties exhibited by SBS oscillation, and to characterize the Brillouin amplification process in a multimode optical fiber. Beam combining in multimode fibers via SBS is being considered as a method of combining low power laser beams into a single beam having higher power and superior spatial coherence for applications such as electro-optic countermeasures. Experimental results demonstrate seeding a 9.5 m fiber significantly reduced the pump power required to initiate SBS. An amplified Stokes beam was observed with as little as 4 mW of pump power, and the maximum conversion efficiency was 44%, similar to conversion efficiencies reported for SBS oscillation. Polarization of the Stokes beam depended on seed beam polarization. The profile of the amplified Stokes beam depended on the coupling and polarization of the seed fiber; both LP01 and LP11 modes were observed from the 9.5 m fiber. However, the Stokes beam profile did not depend on spatial quality of the pump beam, exhibiting some of the clean-up properties associated with the SBS oscillation process.