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This volume brings together two under-investigated areas of
intonation typology. While tone languages make up to 70 percent of
the world's languages, only few have been explored for intonation.
And even though one third of the world's languages are spoken in
Africa, and most sub-Saharan languages are tone languages, recent
collections on tone and intonation typology have almost entirely
ignored African languages. This book aims to fill this gap.
This volume brings together two under-investigated areas of
intonation typology. While tone languages make up to 70 percent of
the world's languages, only few have been explored for intonation.
And even though one third of the world's languages are spoken in
Africa, and most sub-Saharan languages are tone languages, recent
collections on tone and intonation typology have almost entirely
ignored African languages. This book aims to fill this gap.
During the 1970s there was a rapid increase in interest in
metacognition and metalinguistics. The impetus came from
linguistics, psychology, and psycho linguistics. But with rather
unusual rapidity the work from these scientific dis ciplines was
taken over in education. This new direction in these various areas
of academic study was taken simultaneously by several different
investigators. Although they had varying emphases, their work
sometimes appears to be over lapping; despite this, it has been
rather difficult to find a consensus. This is reflected in the
varying terminology used by these independent investigators
"linguistic awareness," "metacognition," "metalinguistic ability,"
"task aware ness," "lexical awareness," and so on. For educators
these developments presented a glittering array of new ideas that
promised to throw light on children's thinking processes in
learning how to read. Many reading researchers and graduate
students have perceived this as a new frontier for the development
of theory and research. However, the variety of independent
theoretical approaches and their accompanying terminologies has
been somewhat confusing."
The initial impetus for this volume was the occasion of the World
Congress for Mental Health held in Vancouver, British Columbia in
1977. The theme of that congress was priorities in mental health.
The keynote speaker Mrs. Rosalynn Carter, wife of the then
President of the United States, focused attention on the necessity
for an international perspective in understanding priorities for
mental health. Without exception subsequent speakers echoed the
sentiments Mrs. Carter expressed, that the first priority for
mental health was that of children. For many participants the
concern for children was translated not only into techniques for
treatment but more importantly into broadening the approaches to
prevention. One theme emerged which has begun to be addressed
around the world - that of the cultural and developmental
implications of sex role stereotyping for mental health. This topic
proved to be the touchstone for many issues related both directly
and indirectly to mental health. Among the most prominent concerns
expressed were those for the effects on careers, the learning
environment and relations between the sexes which stem from
stereotyped attitudes concerning appropriate sex role behavior. The
consensus of the par tiCipants was to urge the directorate of the
congress to continue this topic at the next World Congress. This
was a particularly appropriate content for the next World Congress,
since 1979 was the International Year of the Child."
The pistis Christou construction in Paul's letters has ignited
heated debates among Pauline scholars and theologians. On the one
side, some claim that the phrase denotes human faith placed in
Christ. Others, however, contend that pistis Christou in Paul
alludes to the faithfulness of Christ himself, with Christ's pistis
chiefly demonstrated in his willingness to suffer and die upon the
cross. Yet both sides of this debate overlook Paul's emphasis on
the faithfulness and continuing work of the risen and exalted
Christ. In The Faithfulness of the Risen Christ, David J. Downs and
Benjamin J. Lappenga focus upon the resurrection and exaltation of
Jesus in their discussion of pistis Christou. They claim that when
Paul writes of Christ's pistis, he refers to the faithfulness of
the risen and exalted Christ. Downs and Lappenga carefully survey
Paul's use of pistis in Philippians, the Corinthian letters,
Galatians, Romans, and Ephesians, revealing how pistis epitomizes
the risen Christ's continuing faithfulness toward all those who
participate in him by pistis. Downs and Lappenga effectively
reframe any future consideration of the pistis Christou
construction for both New Testament scholars and theologians by
showing that the story of Jesus in the letters of Paul extends to
the faithfulness of the exalted Christ Jesus, who will remain
faithful to those justified through union with Christ.
Christianity has often understood the death of Jesus on the cross
as the sole means for forgiveness of sin. Despite this tradition,
David Downs traces the early and sustained presence of yet another
means by which Christians imagined atonement for sin: merciful care
for the poor. In Alms: Charity, Reward, and Atonement in Early
Christianity , Downs begins by considering the economic context of
almsgiving in the Greco-Roman world, a context in which the
overwhelming reality of poverty cultivated the formation of
relationships of reciprocity and solidarity. Downs then provides
detailed examinations of almsgiving and the rewards associated with
it in the Old Testament, Second Temple Judaism, and the New
Testament. He then attends to early Christian texts and authors in
which a theology of atoning almsgiving is developedâ 2 Clement ,
the Didache , the Epistle of Barnabas , Polycarp, Clement of
Alexandria, Origen, and Cyprian. In this historical and theological
reconstruction, Downs outlines the emergence of a model for the
atonement of sin in Christian literature of the first three
centuries of the Common Era, namely, atoning almsgiving, or the
notion that providing material assistance to the needy cleanses or
covers sin. Downs shows that early Christian advocacy of
almsgiving's atoning power is located in an ancient economic
context in which fiscal and social relationships were deeply
interconnected. Within this context, the concept of atoning
almsgiving developed in large part as a result of nascent Christian
engagement with scriptural traditions that present care for the
poor as having the potential to secure future reward, including
heavenly merit and even the cleansing of sin, for those who
practice mercy. Downs thus reveals how sin and its solution were
socially and ecclesiologically embodied, a vision that frequently
contrasted with disregard for the social body, and the bodies of
the poor, in Docetic and Gnostic Christianity. Alms , in the end,
illuminates the challenge of reading Scripture with the early
church, for numerous patristic witnesses held together the
conviction that salvation and atonement for sin come through the
life, death, and resurrection of Jesus and the affirmation that the
practice of mercifully caring for the needy cleanses or covers sin.
Perhaps the ancient Christian integration of charity, reward, and
atonement has the potential to reshape contemporary Christian
traditions in which those spheres are separated.
This Is A New Release Of The Original 1834 Edition.
Fables of the Fallen is the first installment of the Continuum
Series. Published by a college writer's group, these six Fantasy/
Sci-fi stories explore the depth of true fallen heroes. Join a
Legend Slayer, Mind Reader, Ghostwalker, Mage, and a Medieval
Soldier with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in these truly
fantastical tales. There is no triumph without the fall.
The Centre For Fortean Zoology Yearbook is a collection of papers
and essays too long and detailed for publication in the CFZ Journal
Animals & Men. With contributions from both well-known
researchers, and relative newcomers to the field, the Yearbook
provides a forum where new theories can be expounded, and work on
little-known cryptids discussed.
This scarce antiquarian book is a facsimile reprint of the
original. Due to its age, it may contain imperfections such as
marks, notations, marginalia and flawed pages. Because we believe
this work is culturally important, we have made it available as
part of our commitment for protecting, preserving, and promoting
the world's literature in affordable, high quality, modern editions
that are true to the original work.
The monetary fund that the apostle Paul organized among his Gentile
congregations for the Jewish-Christian community in Jerusalem was
clearly an important endeavor to Paul; discussion of it occupies
several prominent passages in his letters. In this book David Downs
carefully investigates that offering from historical,
sociocultural, and theological standpoints. Downs first pieces
together a chronological account of Paul's fund-raising efforts on
behalf of the Jerusalem church, based primarily on information from
the Pauline epistles. He then examines the sociocultural context of
the collection, including gift-giving practices in the ancient
Mediterranean world relating to benefaction and care for the poor.
Finally, Downs explores how Paul framed this contribution
rhetorically as a religious offering consecrated to God.
Is God still, as it has been argued, the "neglected factor" in New
Testament theology? How does the Bible speak imaginatively and
concretely about who God is and what God's activity on behalf of
the world looks like?In The Unrelenting God sixteen accomplished
scholars in the fields of biblical and theological studies explore
ways in which Scripture speaks about God's character and God's
activity in the world. As honoree Beverly Roberts Gaventa has done
throughout her career, the contributors address important and
nuanced theological themes such as God's dramatic invasion of the
world in the gospel of Jesus Christ, God's ultimate triumph over
the powers of sin and death, and humanity's ongoing participation
with God in Christ.Scholars, students, and church leaders will
appreciate this volume's careful theological interpretation of
whole scriptural books and individual passages -- and its ability
to model instructively how that interpretation is best done.
Contributors: Shane Berg Martinus C. de Boer Alexandra R. Brown
William Sanger Campbell David J. Downs Susan Grove Eastman Joel B.
Green Douglas Harink Richard B. Hays L. Ann Jervis Jacqueline E.
Lapsley J. Louis Martyn John B. F. Miller Matthew L. Skinner
Katherine Sonderegger Francis Watson
Monitoring Ecological Impacts provides the tools needed by
professional ecologists, scientists, engineers, planners and
managers to design assessment programs that can reliably monitor,
detect and allow management of human impacts on the natural
environment. The procedures described are well grounded in
inferential logic, and the statistical models needed to analyse
complex data are given. Step-by-step guidelines and flow diagrams
provide the reader with clear and useable protocols, which can be
applied in any region of the world and to a wide range of human
impacts. In addition, real examples are used to show how the theory
can be put into practice. Although the context of this book is
flowing water environments, especially rivers and streams, the
advice for designing assessment programs can be applied to any
ecosystem.
Prosodic morphology concerns the interaction of morphological and
phonological determinants of linguistic form and the degree to
which one determines the other. This is the first book devoted to
understanding the definition and operation of canonical forms - the
invariant syllabic shapes of morphemes - which are the defining
characteristic of prosodic morphology. Dr Downing discusses past
research in the field and provides a critical evaluation of the
current leading theory which, she shows, is empirically inadequate.
She sets out an alternative approach and tests this in a
cross-linguistic analysis of phonological and morphological forms
over a wide range languages, including several not previously been
studied from this perspective. Prosodic morphology has been the
testing ground for theoeretical developments in phonology over the
past twenty years, from autosegmental theory to optimality theory.
This book will be of central interest to specialists in phonology
and morphology, as well as to advanced students of these fields and
of linguistic theory more generally.
This book considers the interaction of morphological and
phonological determinants of linguistic form and the degree to
which one determines the other. It considers the operation of
canonical forms, the invariant syllabic shapes of morphemes and the
defining characteristic of prosodic
morphology. Dr Downing presents an original theory which she tests
on data from a wide variety of languages. Her book will be of
central interest to scholars and advanced students of phonology and
morphology, and of linguistic theory more generally.
This book presents new insights on the phonology-morphology
interface. It discusses a wide range of central theoretical issues,
including the role of paradigms in synchronic grammars, and does so
in the context of a wide variety of languages including several
non-Indo-European languages. Paradigm uniformity has a long
tradition in pre-generative linguistics but until recently played a
minor role in theoretical phonology. Optimality Theory has drawn
renewed attention to paradigmatic effects, formalized by
constraints comparing the surface pronunciation of morphologically
related words. The ten chapters in this volume illustrate how a
wide range of exceptions to regular phonological processes can be
explained in this fashion. The chapters address such important
theoretical questions as: do paradigms have a morphological base?
If so, how is it defined? Why do paradigmatic effects hold for only
certain subsets of words? In which areas of the grammar are
paradigmatic effects likely to be found? The authors discuss new
data from the synchronic grammars of a wide variety of unrelated
languages, including: Modern Hebrew, Chimwiini and Jita (Bantu),
Halkomelem (Salish), Hungarian, and Arabic.
This book presents new insights on the phonology-morphology
interface. It discusses a wide range of central theoretical issues,
including the role of paradigms in synchronic grammars, and does so
in the context of a wide variety of languages including several
non-Indo-European< br> languages.
Aquatic insects are the dominant invertebrate fauna in most
freshwater ecosystems, and figure prominently in the work of a
diverse range of researchers, students, and environmental managers.
Often employed as indicators of ecosystem health, aquatic insects
are also commonly used as model systems to test hypotheses in
ecological topics including metapopulation and metacommunity
dynamics, recruitment limitation, trophic interactions, and trophic
networks. Due to their complex life cycles, aquatic insects must
master both terrestrial and aquatic environments, crossing these
ecosystem boundaries during different stages of development and
reproduction. In this wide-ranging text, life under and on top of
the water surface are covered in unusual detail, including the
biomechanics of life in water, locomotion underwater and on surface
films, gas exchange, physico-chemical stressors, feeding, sensory
perception and communication, reproduction, egg-laying and
development, and the evolution of aquatic habits. The threatened
status of freshwaters around the world, coupled with an expanding
population of researchers and managers charged with their
well-being, signals the importance of such a book as many
individuals seek to understand how insects function in these often
challenging physical environments. Interest in freshwaters may
never have been higher with ever-increasing conflict between water
allocation for human (agricultural) use and conservation. Aquatic
Entomology is suitable for graduate students, researchers, and
managers interested in the subject from a perspective of either
basic or applied ecology. It will also be a valuable supplementary
text for courses in limnology or freshwater ecology, entomology,
and water resource management.
Monitoring Ecological Impacts provides the tools needed to design assessment programs that can reliably monitor, detect, and allow management of human impacts on the natural environment. The procedures described are well-grounded in inferential logic, and the statistical models needed to analyse complex data are given. Step-by-step guidelines and flow diagrams provide clear and useable protocols which can be applied in any region of the world, a wide range of human impacts, and any ecosystem. In addition, real examples are used to show how the theory can be put into practice.
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