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Since the early days of modem physics spectroscopic techniques have
been employed as a powerful tool to assess existing theoretical
models and to uncover novel phenomena that promote the development
of new concepts. Conventionally, the system to be probed is
prepared in a well-defined state. Upon a controlled perturbation
one measures then the spectrum of a single particle (electron,
photon, etc.) emitted from the probe. The analysis of this single
particle spectrum yields a wealth of important information on the
properties of the system, such as optical and magnetic behaviour.
Therefore, such analysis is nowadays a standard tool to investigate
and characterize a variety of materials. However, it was clear at a
very early stage that real physical compounds consist of many
coupled particles that may be excited simultaneously in response to
an external perturbation. Yet, the simultaneous (coincident)
detection of two or more excited species proved to be a serious
technical obstacle, in particular for extended electronic systems
such as surfaces. In recent years, however, coincidence techniques
have progressed so far as to image the multi-particle excitation
spectrum in an impressive detail. Correspondingly, many-body
theoretical concepts have been put forward to interpret the
experimental findings and to direct future experimental research.
This book gives a snapshot of the present status of multi-particle
coincidence studies both from a theoretical and an experimental
point of view. It also includes selected topical review articles
that highlight the achievements and the power of coincident
techniques.
This fascinating volume breaks new ground in examining the status
and lives of women in Europe during the Middle Ages, offering
revealing new insights into the role of women in a wide range of
religious, sexual and domestic affairs.
As this book amply demonstrates, women were central to the
spiritual life of the medieval Church: Jo Ann McNamara writes on
the legacy of miracles in the nunneries of Merovingian Gaul,
Suzanne Wemple on one of the most important female monasteries in
northern Italy, and Phyllis Roberts on the ideal of the virginal
life. But the book is equally concerned with the family and
relations between men and women. Leah Lydia Otis, for example,
looks at the practice of prostitution in late medieval Perpignan;
Helen Rodnite Lemay discusses medieval gynecology; and Julius
Kirshner provides a revolutionary study of wives' claims against
insolvent husbands, challenging the notion that the legal rights of
women deteriorated in late medieval Italy.
Since the early days of modem physics spectroscopic techniques have
been employed as a powerful tool to assess existing theoretical
models and to uncover novel phenomena that promote the development
of new concepts. Conventionally, the system to be probed is
prepared in a well-defined state. Upon a controlled perturbation
one measures then the spectrum of a single particle (electron,
photon, etc.) emitted from the probe. The analysis of this single
particle spectrum yields a wealth of important information on the
properties of the system, such as optical and magnetic behaviour.
Therefore, such analysis is nowadays a standard tool to investigate
and characterize a variety of materials. However, it was clear at a
very early stage that real physical compounds consist of many
coupled particles that may be excited simultaneously in response to
an external perturbation. Yet, the simultaneous (coincident)
detection of two or more excited species proved to be a serious
technical obstacle, in particular for extended electronic systems
such as surfaces. In recent years, however, coincidence techniques
have progressed so far as to image the multi-particle excitation
spectrum in an impressive detail. Correspondingly, many-body
theoretical concepts have been put forward to interpret the
experimental findings and to direct future experimental research.
This book gives a snapshot of the present status of multi-particle
coincidence studies both from a theoretical and an experimental
point of view. It also includes selected topical review articles
that highlight the achievements and the power of coincident
techniques.
The development of surface physics and surface chemistry as a
science is closely related to the technical development of a number
of methods involving electrons either as an excitation source or as
an emitted particle carrying characteristic information. Many of
these various kinds of electron spectroscopies have become
commercially available and have made their way into industrial
laboratories. Others are still in an early stage, but may become of
increasing importance in the future. In this book an assessment of
the various merits and possible drawbacks of the most frequently
used electron spectroscopies is attempted. Emphasis is put on prac
tical examples and experimental design rather than on theoretical
considerations. The book addresses itself to the reader who wishes
to know which electron spectroscopy or which combination of
different electron spectroscopies he may choose for the particular
problems under investigation. After a brief introduction the
practical design of electron spectrometers and their figures of
merit important for the different applications are discussed in
Chapter 2. Chapter 3 deals with electron excited electron
spectroscopies which are used for the elemental analysis of
surfaces. Structure analysis by electron diffrac tion is described
in Chapter 4 with special emphasis on the use of electron diffrac
tion for the investigation of surface imperfections. For the
application of electron diffraction to surface crystallography in
general, the reader is referred to Volume 4 of "Topics in Applied
Physics.""
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