Morphology.- The Pineal Gland of Mammals: Some Open Morphological Questions.- Demonstration of Nerve Fibers Immunoreactive to met-Enkephalin, leu-Enkephalin, and ss-Endorphin in the Bovine Pineal Gland.- Comparative Studies of VIP-, PHI-, and NPY-Immunoreactive Nerve Fibers in the Pineal Gland of the Sheep.- Biochemistry.- Pharmacological Regulation of Receptor-Mediated Indoleamine Metabolism in the Mammalian Pineal Gland.- Regulation of Melatonin Synthesis and Release: Paracrine Relationships in Mammalian Pineal Gland.- New Aspects Concerning the Regulation of Pineal Indoleamine Metabolism: Implications for Neuroimmunology.- The Use of Perifusion Technique in the Research of Pineal Neuroendocrinology. The Role of Different Neurotransmitters in the Regulation of Pineal Melatonin Secretion.- Interferon-? Modulates Indoleamine Metabolism in Rat Pineal Gland in Organ Culture.- Melatonin Receptors.- High-affinity Melatonin Receptors in Mammals: Localization, G-Protein Coupling and Signal Transduction.- Melatonin Receptors in Discrete Areas of Rat and Hamster Brain: Modulation by Melatonin, Testosterone and the Photoperiod.- Melatonin Binding Sites in the Nervous and Immune Systems.- 2-?125I? Iodomelatonin Binding in Normal and Neoplastic Tissues.- Melatonin in the gastrointestinal tract.- Biochemical Characteristics of Melatonin Receptors in Different Organs and Translation of Hormonal Signal in the Nucleus.- Physiology.- Annual Changes in the Daily Pattern of Melatonin Synthesis and Release.- Integration of Environmental Signals by the Pineal Gland and its Significance for Seasonality in Small Mammals.- Opioid Involvement in Melatonin Action.- Effect of Melatonin on NADH-Oxidoreductase Activity and Cyclic Nucleotide Levels in Rat Adrenals.- Temporal Profile of Superoxide Dismutase Activity in the Pineal Gland and the Liver of Rats.- Pineal-Harderian Gland Interactions: Morphological and Physiological Evidences for an Endocrine Function of the Syrian Hamster Harderian Gland.- Melatonin Enhances GABA-Mediated Effects when Administered by Micropressure Ejection in Single Unit Neuronal Recordings.- Immunology.- Action of Melatonin on Immune System.- Opioids in Immune Cells.- Spleen Morphology and Lymphoproliferative Activity in Short Photoperiod Exposed Hamsters.- Melatonin Reconstitutes the Decreased CFU-S Content in the Bone Marrow of Hypothalamus - Lesioned Mice.- Oncology.- Melatonin Action on Oncogenesis.- The Effects of Melatonin and Melatonin Analogues on the P388, DLD-1 and MCF-7 Tumor Cell Lines.- Is there a Role for the Pineal Gland in Neoplastic Growth?.- Clinical Studies.- Melatonin, Immunity and Cancer in Humans.- Evidence for a Sex-Specific Facilitatory Effect of Melatonin on Prolactin Secretion. Is Pineal-Prolactin Interaction Relevant to the Clinical Course of Breast Cancer?.- Pineal-Interleukin 2 Interactions and their Possible Importance in the Pathogenesis of Immune Dysfunctions in Cancer.- Significance of Melatonin to Chronobiology: Immunological Correlations.- Circadian Profile of Serum Melatonin in Cushing's Syndrome and Acromegaly.- Urinary 6-Sulfatoxymelatonin Excretion in Breast Cancer Patients and Control Subjects.- Interindividuel Differences in the Responses of Serum and Salivary Melatonin to Light.- Contributors.

Melatonin: Biosynthesis, Physiological Effects, and Clinical Applications provides a thorough review of recent advances in major areas of melatonin research. The book is arranged in a logical sequence, beginning with the history of melatonin and then proceeding to cover its biochemistry and secretion, physiological effects, and clinical significance. New findings and current concepts are emphasized, and a significant amount of previously unpublished data are included. The book will be an important reference for neurobiologists, cell biologists, ophthalmologists, endocrinologists, neuroendocrinologists, reproductive biologists, psychiatrists, and other researchers and clinicians interested in melatonin.

Research related to the pineal gland has advanced rapidly in the last three decades since the discovery of its most important hormone, melatonin. This indoleamine has been shown to have a large variety of effects in the organism; the bulk of these actions were initially thought to relate the pineal gland to the reproductive and endocrine systems. It is now apparent, however, that the physiologic interactions of the pineal and its hormones far transcend its control of endocrine function. One field of pineal research that has developed rapidly within the last 5 years has been the demonstration of its relationship to the immune system. Since the pineal gland is part of the central nervous system, these observations generally fall in the category of neuroimmunology, an area that, in its own right, has received a great deal of attention in the last decade. Thus, a NATO Advanced Study Course entitled "Role of Melatonin and Pineal Pep tides in Neuroimmunomodulation" was convened in Erice, Sicily, on June 3-9, 1990. This book is a result of the scientific presentations given at the workshop. The contributions to the book include mini-review articles which summarized the presentations of the invited speakers as well as a selected number of brief communications where the subject matter was in line with the theme of the Advanced Study Course.

Harderian glands, first described by Jacob Harder in two species of deer in 1694, are large, intraorbital glands which, with but few exceptions, are found in all land vertebrates. Certainly, their relatively large size, their phylogenetic age, and persistent conservation in all groups as they emerged from an aqueous to an air/land environment lend strong support to the logical deduction that they probably play an important role in the physiological adaptation to terrestrial life. Yet, few biologists know even what or where these glands are. For a variety of reasons, the Harderian glands have not received the attention they deserve and, as a result, the published works available have been scarce and scattered throughout the world literature. The current situation is remarkably similar to that which existed in regard to the pineal gland prior to the mid-1960s, i. e. , scattered literature, unknown function, few investigators, and little interest. Yet, following a few key papers, interest in the pineal gland expanded and soon an explosive increase in the knowledge and understanding of the pineal gland took place and continues today. Will history repeat itself? Originally, a few of us discussed the desirability of an informal Symposium on the Harderian glands.

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2010 im Fachbereich BWL - Unternehmensfuhrung, Management, Organisation, Note: 1,7, Fachhochschule der Wirtschaft Bergisch Gladbach, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: 1 Einleitung Meistens fehlen einem Unternehmen nicht neue, wertschopfende Visionen, Strategien oder Ideen, sondern es scheitert eher an der fehlenden Managementkompetenz zur Umsetzung der selbigen An diesem Punkt setzt diese Ausarbeitung an. Sie befasst sich namlich mit dem immer bedeutsameren Thema des erfolgreichen Einsatzes von Projektmanagement in Innovationsvorhaben." Die genaue Zielsetzung der Autoren besteht deshalb in der Frage, wie ein Innovationsvorhaben effektiv und moglichst effizient durch Projektmanagement in einem Unternehmen durchgefuhrt werden kann. Hierzu werden im ersten Teil die Grundlagen uber Innovationen, insbesondere eine Definitionsfindung, und die Bedeutung von Innovationsprojekten fur ein Unternehmen erlautert, da aufgrund der breitgefacherten Thematik eine umfassende Erklarung zum Verstandnis notig ist. Das zu vermittelnde Wissen des nachsten Teils richtet sich grosstenteils an die dabei entstehenden Herausforderungen durch Innovationshemmnisse und daraus folgend die Grunde fur das Einsetzen des Projektmanagements. Anschliessend liegt das Hauptaugenmerk auf der Berucksichtigung von Voruberlegungen eines Innovationsprojekts und der danach startenden Projektplanung. Der Endteil der Ausarbeitung schildert die verschiedenen Massnahmen und moglichen Konzepte bei der Projektdurchfuhrung eines Innovationsvorhabens und schliesst mit einem reflektierenden Fazit ab. Ausgangspunkt all dieser Aspekte ist eine Innovation, doch was wird eigentlich darunter genau verstan