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For the conference and the special issue of the Journal of
Consciousness Studies that lie behind this book, pairs of
researchers were asked to tackle from different standpoints
concepts of consciousness such as realism, representation,
intentionality, information, control, memory and the self. The
contributors are David Leech Anderson, Harald Atmanspacher, Timothy
L. Hubbard, Andrew Bailey, John Barresi, Liliana Albertazzi, Cees
van Leeuwen, Robert Shaw & Jeffrey Kinsella-Shaw, Bernhard
Hommel, J. Scott Jordan & Marcello Ghin, Dawn M. McBride,
Michael Spivey & Sarah Cargill, Natalie Sebanz, and Sabine
Maasen.
This book takes as a starting point, John Dewey's article, "The
Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology," in which Dewey was calling for,
in short, the utilisation of systems theories within psychology,
theories of behaviour that capture its nature as a vastly-complex
dynamic coordination of nested coordinations. This line of research
was neglected as American psychology migrated towards behaviourism,
where perception came to be thought of as being both a neural
response to an external stimulus and a mediating neural stimulus
leading to, or causing a muscular response. As such, perception
becomes a question of how it is the perceiver creates neural
representations of the physical world. Gestalt psychology, on the
other hand, focused on perception itself, utilising the term
Phenomenological Field; a term that elegantly nests perception and
the organism within their respective, as well as relative, levels
of organisation. With the development of servo-mechanisms during
the second world war, systems theory began to take on momentum
within psychology, and then in the 1970s William T Powers brought
the notion of servo-control to perception in his book, "Behavior:
The Control of Perception." Since then, scientists have come to see
nature not as linear chain of contingent cause-effect
relationships, but rather, as a non linear, unpredictable nesting
of self referential, emergent coordinations, best described as
Chaos theory. The implications for perception are astounding, while
maintaining the double-aspect nature of perception espoused by the
Gestalt psychologists. In short, system theories model perception
within the context of a functioning organism, so that objects of
experience come to be seen as scale-dependent,
psychophysically-neutral, phenomenological transformations of
energy structures, the dynamics of which are the result of
evolution, and therefore, "a priori" to the individual case. This
"a priori," homological unity among brain perception and world is
revealed through the use of systems theories and represents the
thrust of this book. All the authors are applying some sort of
systems theory to the psychology of perception. However, unlike
Dewey we have close to a century of technology we can bring to bear
upon the issue. This book should be seen as a collection of such
efforts.
This book draws inspiration from Maurice Merleau-Ponty's concept of
intercorporeality to offer a new, multidisciplinary perspective on
the body. By drawing attention to the body's ability to
simultaneously sense and be sensed, Merleau-Ponty transcends the
object-subject divide and describes how bodies are about, into, and
within other bodies. Such inherent relationality constitutes the
essence of intercorporeality, and the chapters in this book examine
such relationality from a host of diverse perspectives. The book
begins with an introductory chapter in which the editors review the
current research on bodily interaction, and introduce the notion of
intercorporeality as a potentially integrative framework. The first
section then offers four chapters devoted to clarifying theoretical
and developmental perspectives on intercorporeality. Section 2
contains three chapters that provide insight on intercorporeality
from evolutionary, historical, and cross-sectional perspectives. In
Section 3, four chapters examine the intercorporeal nature of
meaning-making during human interaction. Section 4 then presents
three chapters that explore the intercorporeal nature of
multi-agent interactions and the role that non-animate bodies
(i.e., objects) play in such interaction. Throughout all the
chapters, the authors work to integrate research in their specific
discipline into the larger, transdisciplinary notion of
intercorporeality. This collection provides an indisputably unique
perspective on bodies-in-interaction, while simultaneously offering
an interdisciplinary way forward in contemporary scholarship on
bodies, meaning, and interaction.
The book explores the variety of meanings of contextuality across
different disciplines, with the emphasis on quantum physics and on
psychology.
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