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of metal interactions with subcellular biochemical systems usually
either are metabolites of the system affected (porphyrinurias) or
represent some specific function of a cellular system being
impaired (proteinurias). One typically finds a continuum of
symptoms, from the subtle or so-called "no effect" bio chemical and
physiological indicators of exposure to severe clinical disease and
death. This continuum is the basis of much of the controversy since
many health officials follow the traditional practice of applying
the "threshold health-effect" concept in evaluating the problems of
environmental exposure to metals. The past decade or so, however,
has seen a vast increase in our understanding of the effects of
elevated concentrations of toxic metals in local populations and
ecosystems. At the same time, there is a growing awareness that the
effects of the metals which occur naturally in the environment must
be distinguished from those imposed by the pollutant fraction. This
point was amply document ed in a recent study of cadmium intake and
cadmium in a number of human tissues in Sweden, Japan, and the
United States, which showed fairly conclu sively that the
background exposure in Japan was about threefold higher than in the
other two countries (2). One immediate implication is that any
health ef fect studies of cadmium in Japan using control groups
within that country are liable to underestimate the difference
between the exposed and the control groups simply because of the
the high "background" intake."
The literature on the geology, chemistry, and biochemistry of
phosphorus generally takes its mineralogy for granted. The in
cidental information on phosphate minerals given in these texts is
often obsolescent and inaccurate. The few mineralogical texts that
have dealt comprehensively with the phosphate minerals have now
become outdated, and typically present the essential information in
a manner unsuitable for nongeological readers. This volume is
intended as a ready reference for workers who require good basic
information on phosphate minerals or their synthetic equivalents.
The topics covered should appeal to geologists and geochemists,
lithologists, environmental scientists and engineers, chemists and
biochemists who have any interest in the intricate world of
phosphorus. The hard tissues of many vertebrates and the many
pathological calcifications consist mostly of phosphate minerals.
The precipita tion of these compounds also plays a major role in
the ecological cycling of phosphorus, and occasionally even
dominates the behavior of many trace metals in many geochemical and
biolog ical systems. Indeed, many pegmatitic phosphate minerals
have acquired some notoriety because of the rarer trace metals
which they tend to accumulate. With the commercialization of
phosphate fertilizers since the early part of the 19th century,
phosphate minerals have assumed an important role in industrial
chemistry and agriculture. Clearly, the study of phosphate minerals
is important from the economic, agricultural, environmental and
(human and animal) health viewpoint."
This book presents a comprehensive account of current research on
the chemistry and toxicology of cadmium in natural waters. It deals
with the sources, distribution and fate of cadmium in aquatic
ecosystems, and with the biocycling and ecotoxicity of cadmium to
materia and freshwater biota. A succinct review of the analytical
chemistry of cadmium in natural waters is also included. The
authors have endeavored to emphasize general principles rather than
comprehensive documentation. This volume thus provides the
scientific rationale needed in the continuing effort to establish
water quality criteria and standards for cadmium. This volume
provides the scientific rationale for the continuing effort to
establish water quality criteria and standards for cadmium.
From the global to the cellular level, oxidants have provided the
chemical dynamic for reactions both harmful and benign. As varied
in type as in effect, oxidants include the oxides of nitrogen,
sulfur, and carbon - implicated in the generation of smog - as well
as oxidants useful in hypoxic cell-specific anticancer drugs and
the treatment of contaminated waters. The complex nature of
oxidants as well as their pervasiveness in the environment have
made them keenly interesting to scientists monitoring environmental
hazards and human health. Environmental Oxidants is a broad-based,
multidisciplinary study of the environmental chemistry and
toxicology of oxidants as well as their widening role in pollution
control. Featuring up-to-date research from internationally
renowned scientists, the book sheds light on such critical topics
as the evolution, production, distribution, and fate of oxidants in
the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere; the influence of human
activities on oxidative processes in the atmosphere; oxidative
stress at the cellular, systemic, and ecosystem levels; and the use
of oxidants to remediate polluted sites. Specific studies include
photosynthetic oxygen evolution, oxidants in the unpolluted marine
atmosphere, ozone formation in urban plumes, the impact of dynamics
and transport on stratospheric ozone and other constituents, health
effects and toxicology of ozone and nitrogen dioxide, and some
hematological effects of oxidants. Reflecting current health
concerns, the book also addresses such timely issues as oxidative
stress and asbestos, the role of oxygen in lung toxicity induced by
mineral fibers and particulates, as well as an alternative
attainment criteria fora secondary federal standard for ozone. A
selective and incisive look at the current state of research on
oxidants, Environmental Oxidants provides environmental scientists
and engineers with an informative, detailed discussion of just how
and why oxidants have emerged as a key issue in human health and
environmental integrity.
Civilization's negative impact on the environment has vastly
accelerated since the onset of the industrial revolution. Serious
environmental contamination now threatens many ecosystems and
perhaps ultimately the human race. While some of the most visible
urban pollution may have abated, the larger problems of regional
and global pollution, particularly by an ever-increasing number of
trace contaminants, remain far from solved. While the link has been
clearly established between long-range transport of gaseous
pollutants and environmental issues such as acid rain, the
greenhouse effect, and Arctic haze, the scientist's understanding
of the fate of these pollutants in the atmosphere has been
constrained by the lack of suitable analytical methods, the
complexities of pollution sources, and the volume of potential
contaminants involved. This volume offers some of the research
tools needed to begin untangling these riddles: appropriate
measurement technology, sophisticated analytical techniques, and a
better understanding of physical and chemical processes in the
atmosphere. Chapters by leading environmental scientists from the
world over discuss: . Standard and new methods of sampling and
analyzing gaseous contaminants in the atmosphere. The uses of these
analytical methods in deciphering material fluxes. The sources,
occurrences, and characterization of volatile organic compounds in
both indoor and outdoor environments. Gaseous Pollutants will be of
great interest to scientists and engineers interested in monitoring
air quality; atmospheric chemists studying the behavior and fate of
trace contaminants in the air; and anyone concerned with air
pollution and pollution control strategies. Inaddition to
presenting a valuable profile of current research results, this
book outlines the challenges that lie ahead, pointing students and
environmental professionals alike toward important research
opportunities in this dynamic field.
Up-to-date coverage of vanadium research--in two accessible,
self-contained volumes Vanadium in the Environment brings together
the contributions of leading experts on the chemical and
toxicological aspects of vanadium exposure and its effects on
aquatic and terrestrial environments, human health, and wildlife.
This initial volume focuses on chemistry and biochemistry, while
Part Two concentrates on health effects and toxicology in living
organisms. Topics in this first volume include:
- History, occurrence, and uses of vanadium
- Vanadium in the atmosphere
- Chemistry of relevance to vanadium in the environment
- Water quality criteria for vanadium
- Spectroscopic methods for the characterization of vanadium
complexes
- Bioaccumulation and transfer of vanadium in marine
organisms
- Structure, function, and models of biogenic vanadium
compounds
- Catalytic effects of vanadium on phosphoryl transfer
enzymes
- Bioactivity of vanadium compounds on cells in culture
This is a comprehensive and up-to-date investigation of a deadly
toxin and its impact on ecology and human health. Part 1 contains a
thorough treatment of the chemical nature of arsenic, its
environmental behaviour and its measurement through contemporary
analytical methods. Part 2 deals with the latest findings from a
wide range of international research groups into the repercussions
of arsenic exposures on human health and the ecosystem.
Surveys the state-of-the-art in the toxicology of important aquatic
pollutants. Evaluates new concepts, methods, and data, and provides
an overview of key research results. Topics covered range from the
principles of aquatic toxicology and the development of water
quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic resources, to the
environmental effects of monitoring and future trends in water
quality management. Emphasized is the importance of the linkages
between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems to practical and
effective environmental effects assessment.
Chromium and its compounds are widely used by modern industries
resulting in large quantities of this element being discharged into
the environment and there is now a growing concern about the
effects of chromium in the environment. This volume provides a
comprehensive assessment of the uses of chromium, its sources and
occurrence in the air, water and soils. It gives a detailed and
expert description of chromium chemistry, analytical chemistry,
biochemistry and known health effects. It also contains a
comprehensive compendium of epidemiological data listed according
to exposure type along with models of toxicity. Most of the known
environmental and health effects of chromium are treated here along
with a discussion of dose-response relationships. A key aspect of
the book and one of its most useful features is that it serves as a
guide to the analytical procedures and their limitations that are
suitable for use in environmental and biological monitoring.
Up-to-date coverage of vanadium research--in two accessible,
self-contained volumes Vanadium in the Environment brings together
the contributions of leading experts on the chemical and
toxicological aspects of vanadium exposure and its effects on
aquatic and terrestrial environments, human health, and wildlife.
This second volume focuses on health effects and toxicology in
living organisms, while Part One concentrates on chemistry and
biochemistry. Topics in this second volume include:
- Health effects of environmental exposure to vanadium
- toxicology of vanadium in mammals
- Mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and teratogenicity of
vanadium
- Baseline vanadium levels and exposure tests in humans
- Vanadium and metabolic problems
- Vanadium and its significance in animal cell metabolism
- Hematological effects of vanadium in living organisms
- Genetic toxicology of vanadium compounds
- Vanadium and the cardiovascular system: regulatory effects and
toxicity
- Oxidative stress and pro-oxidant biological effects of
vanadium
- Endocrine control of vanadium accumulation
- Vanadium detoxification
- Vanadium as a new tool for cancer prevention
A comprehensive and up-to-date investigation of one of the
deadliest toxins and its impact on ecological and human health.
Part one contains a thorough treatment of the chemical nature of
arsenic, its environmental behavior and its measurement through
contemporary analytical methods. Part two deals with the latest
findings from a wide range of international research groups into
the repercussions of arsenic exposures on human health and the
ecosystem.
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