The Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies provides a forum for the scrutiny of significant issues in European Union Law, the Law of the Council of Europe, and Comparative Law with a "European" dimension, and particularly those which have come to the fore during the year preceding publication. The contributions appearing in the collection are commissioned by the Centre for European Legal Studies (CELS) Cambridge, which is the research Centre of Cambridge University Law Faculty specialising in European legal issues. The papers presented are all at the cutting edge of the fields which they address, and reflect the views of recognised experts drawn from the University world, legal practice, and the civil services of both the EU and its Member States. Inclusion of the comparative dimension brings a fresh perspective to the study of European law, and highlights the effects of globalisation of the law more generally, and the resulting cross fertilisation of norms and ideas that has occurred among previously sovereign and separate legal orders. The Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies is an invaluable resource for those wishing to keep pace with legal developments in the fast moving world of European integration. INDIVIDUAL CHAPTERS Please click on the link below to purchase individual chapters from Volume 3 through Ingenta Connect: www.ingentaconnect.com SUBSCRIPTION TO SERIES To place an annual online subscription or a print standing order through Hart Publishing please click on the link below. Please note that any customers who have a standing order for the printed volumes will now be entitled to free online access. www.hartjournals.co.uk/cyels/subs Editorial Advisory Board: Philip Allott, Tony Arnull, Catherine Barnard, Dan Goyder CBE, Rosa Greaves, Bob Hepple, Lord Lester of Herne-Hill QC, David O'Keeffe, Stephanie Palmer, David Vaughan QC, David Williams Q.C., D.A.Wyatt Q.C. Founding Editors: Alan Dashwood and Angela Ward

First published in 1940, R. M. Jackson's Machinery of Justice in England has long been established as the classic text on the subject, unparalleled in its lucidity, breadth of treatment and critical engagement with the issues involved. For this edition, J. R. Spencer has undertaken a further full-scale revision, incorporating such major topical innovations as the Police and Criminal Evidence Act of 1984 and the Prosecution of Offences Act, 1985.

A. GENERAL REMARKS During the last century, probabilistic methods for design and analysis of engineering systems have assumed a prominent place as an engineering tool. No longer do engineers naively believe that all problems can be analyzed with deterministic methods; but rather, it has been recognized that, due to unc- tainties in the model and the excitation, it may only be possible to describe the state of a system in terms of some random measure. Thus, with the need to address safety and design issues adequately and simultaneously to minimize the cost of a system, much attention has been given to the development of probabilistic criteria which can be applied in a systematic manner [l]t. These techniques allow for uncertainties in the parameters of the model as well as for uncertainties in both the static and dynamic loadings to be considered and therefore give a better measure of the reliability of a system. Widespread application of probabilistic methods can be found in disciplines ranging from civil, mechanical and electrical engineering to biology, economics and political science.

In depression torn America two very different men, each running from their own personal demons, are thrown together on an epic cross country journey. From squatters' camp to five star hotel, from brothels to speakeasies follow Jack and Daniel as they struggle to accept their own sexuality and strong need for each other. Readers will immediately time-travel back to an exotic historical epoch. What awaits them is a literary experience filled with drama, romance, and adventure.

The Criminal Justice Act 2003 re-wrote the hearsay evidence rule for the purpose of criminal proceedings, enacting the recommendations of the Law Commission together with some proposals from the Auld Review. In 2008, Professor Spencer wrote a book explaining the new law, intended for practitioners as well as academics. Following the style of his earlier book about the new law on bad character evidence, the core of the hearsay book was a section-by-section commentary on the relevant provisions of the Act, discussing the case law that had interpreted them. Since the appearance of the first edition, the new law on hearsay evidence has been the subject of a spectacular exchange between the UK Supreme Court and the European Court of Human Rights, the effects of which the Court of Appeal has interpreted in several leading cases. In this new edition, the commentary is revised to take account of these developments. As in the first edition, the commentary is preceded by chapters on the history of the hearsay rule, and the requirements of Article 6(3)(d) of the European Convention on Human Rights. It is followed by an appendix containing the text of the statutory provisions and a selection of the leading cases.

In 2009 in the UK, Stephen Barker was convicted of rape on the evidence of a little girl who was four and a half years old at the time of Barker's trial, and about three and a half when she was first interviewed by the police. The high point of the proceedings was the child's appearance as a live witness in order for Barker's counsel to attempt a cross-examination. This case focused attention on the need - as imposed by current English law - for even tiny children to come to court for a live cross-examination. In 1989, the Pigot Committee proposed a scheme under which the whole of a young child's evidence - cross-examination and all - would be obtained out of court and in advance of trial. In 1999, a provision designed to give effect to this was included in the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act, but it has not yet been brought into force. The full Pigot proposal was implemented, however, in Western Australia, and similar schemes now operate in a number of European jurisdictions. This book of essays examines a number of these schemes, and argues the case for further reforms in the UK. It will be an important study for both academics and practitioners interested in the criminal justice system, and it will also appeal to those interested in the role of children in court more generally.

John Spencer has worked at Cambridge University for over 40 years. He has lectured, supervised - and entertained - students in tort, contract, crime, medical law and criminal procedure and evidence. This book is a tribute to Professor Spencer, but it is different from the usual tribute in that it contains case notes written and selected by the author himself and all published in the Cambridge Law Journal (CLJ) between 1970 and 2013. With the exception of one note, which is somewhat longer, the articles are taken from the case note section of the CLJ which, until fairly recently, imposed a strict word limit of 1000 words and no more (the complexity of the cases and the prolixity of the judges led to the CLJ relaxing this rule to 1500 words). The case notes reproduced here provide a master-class in the writing of incisive, engaging notes. Written with students in mind but also intended for the consumption and edification of a wider audience, these case notes epitomise the way in which Professor Spencer has, for 43 years, cajoled, lambasted and encouraged the judiciary to see things his way.

'... undoubtedly a first-rate companion for any undergraduate or post-graduate law course.' John Taggart, Criminal Law Review This outstanding account of modern English criminal law combines detailed exposition and analysis of the law with a careful exploration of its theoretical underpinnings. Primarily, it is written for undergraduate students of criminal law, covering all subjects taught at undergraduate level. The book's philosophical approach ensures students have a deeper understanding of the law that goes beyond a purely doctrinal knowledge As a result, over its numerous editions, it has become required reading for many criminal law courses. The 8th edition covers all statutory law including the Assaults on Emergency Workers Act 2018 and Domestic Abuse Act, s 71. Case law discussions now cover: Grant (complicity); Barton (dishonesty); Broughton, Field, Kuddus, and Rebelo (homicide) and AG's Ref (No 1 of 2020) (sexual offences).

What responsibilities, if any, do we have towards our genetic offspring, before or after birth and perhaps even before creation, merely by virtue of the genetic link? What claims, if any, arise from the mere genetic parental relation? Should society through its legal arrangements allow 'fatherless' or 'motherless' children to be born, as the current law on medically assisted reproduction involving gamete donation in some legal systems does? Does the possibility of establishing genetic parentage with practical certainty necessitate reform of current legal regimes of parenthood? And what limits, if any, should we set on parental procreative choices in the interests of future children, particularly with regard to genetic engineering and related techniques? These are the questions explored in this book by some of the foremost legal, bioethical and biomedical thinkers. Assembled with a view to assisting the reader to reflect critically on the ongoing social experiment which medically assisted reproduction is today, the essays in this collection highlight what are - and what else might in the nearby future become - possible reproductive options and respond to the difficulties we encounter in assessing these practices and possibilities from our traditional ethical vantage points. Contributions by: Andrew Bainham, Thomas Baldwin, Lisa Bortolotti, John Harris, Martin H. Johnson, Judith Masson, Martin Richards, Alison Shaw, Sally Sheldon, Bonnie Steinbock and Mary Warnock.