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One out of every five Latin Americans - about 130 million people -
have never known anything but poverty, subsisting on less than US$4
a day throughout their lives. These are the region's chronically
poor, who have remained so despite unprecedented inroads against
poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean since the turn of the
century. This book takes a closer look at the region's entrenched
poor, who and where they are, and how existing policies need to
change to effectively assist the poor. The book shows significant
variations of rates of chronic poverty across and within countries.
The book posits that refinements to the existing policy toolkit -
as opposed to more programs - may come a long way in helping the
remaining poor. These refinements include intensifying efforts to
improve coordination between different social and economic
programs, which can boost the income-generation process and deal
with the intergenerational transmission of chronic poverty by
investing in early childhood development. In addition, there is an
urgent need to adapt programs to directly address the psychological
toll of chronic poverty on people's mindsets and aspirations, which
currently undermines the effectiveness of existing policy efforts.
Tras decadas de estancamiento, la poblacion de clase media en
America Latina y el Caribe ha aumentado en un 50% de
aproximadamente 100 millones de personas en 2003 a 150 millones (o
un 30% de la poblacion del continente) en 2009. Durante este
periodo, el porcentaje de la poblacion pobre disminuyo
notablemente, del 44% al 30%. _La movilidad economica y el
crecimiento de la clase media en America Latina_ analiza la
naturaleza, los determinantes y las posibles consecuencias de este
notable proceso de transformacion social. Los autores proponen una
original definicion de la clase media, hecha a la medida de America
Latina y centrada en el concepto de seguridad economica. Segun esta
definicion, el grupo social mas grande de la region actualmente no
son ni los pobres ni la clase media, sino un estrato de personas
vulnerables situadas entre el umbral de la pobreza y los requisitos
minimos para disfrutar de un modo de vida mas seguro, propio de la
clase media. El auge de la clase media refleja los cambios
recientes en la movilidad economica. La movilidad intergeneracional
un concepto contrario a la desigualdad de oportunidades ha mejorado
ligeramente pero sigue siendo muy limitada. Tanto el nivel
educativo como los logros educativos siguen siendo sumamente
dependientes del nivel de escolarizacion de los padres. Sin
embargo, se ha producido un aumento real de la movilidad de los
ingresos. En los ultimos 15 anos, al menos el 43% de los habitantes
de America Latina ha cambiado de clase social, en la mayoria de los
casos en un sentido ascendente. Los autores sostienen que hay
numerosos beneficios potenciales en el auge de esta clase media, si
bien advierten que la materializacion de esos beneficios depende en
gran medida de que los paises consigan anclar la clase media en
torno a un nuevo contrato social, mas cohesivo, que ponga de
relieve la necesidad de incluir a todos aquellos que han quedado
rezagados. _La movilidad economica y el crecimiento de la clase
media en America Latina_ despertara un gran interes entre los
responsables de las politicas en America Latina y en otras
regiones, entre los funcionarios de las instituciones
multilaterales y entre estudiantes y docentes de economia,
politicas publicas y ciencias sociales."
With moderate but sustained economic growth and generally declining
inequality, the 2000s were a good decade for Latin America.
Moderate poverty fell from roughly 40% to 30% of the population.
Economic mobility powered a perceived increase in the ranks of the
Latin American middle class. But who, exactly, belongs to that
middle class? How much has it really grown? How much economic
mobility do these countries really display? Drawing on a unique
combination of data sets - income and consumption distributions,
test scores, parental characteristics, personal beliefs and
attitudes - this volume sheds new light on a period of pronounced
social change in Latin America and the Caribbean. It paints a
nuanced picture of a society where the intergenerational
transmission of socioeconomic status still prevails, but where
upward income movement within generations is now significant. It
adopts a middle class definition that is based on economic
security, and is arguably less arbitrary than others in the
literature, and documents a 50% increase in its size. Yet, most of
the continent's population is neither poor nor middle-class - but
near-poor or vulnerable. The authors argue that there are many
potential benefits from a growing middle class, but caution that
whether those benefits come to fruition will depend, to a large
extent, on whether countries manage to anchor their middle classes
into a new, more cohesive, social contract that emphasises the
inclusion of those who so far have been left behind.|Although the
new European Union Party Financing Regulation is actually a
sub-topic of the widely discussed European Constitution, officials
have so far been rather quiet about it. The Regulation declares
artificially created bodies called ""party alliances"" as political
parties for the sole purpose of enabling subsidies from the EU
budget to be paid to the European umbrella organizations of the
established parties. This book argues that the regulation violates
almost every principle of appropriate and legitimate public funding
of political parties. Such principles have, for instance, already
been drawn up by the German Constitutional Court and the Council of
Europe. This book discusses such issues. Hans Herbert von Arnim is
professor of public law at the School for Public Administration in
Speyer, Germany. Martin Schurig teaches at the Institute for Public
Administration in Speyer, Germany.
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