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Fort McIntosh Fort McIntosh at the site of present-day Beaver,
Pennsylvania, was built by General Lachlan McIntosh in 1778 as a
staging ground for a planned military expedition in the west.
Although the expedition was soon abandoned, Fort McIntosh remained
occupied until 1785. Fort Pitt Fort Pitt was the Gateway to the
West at the forks of the Ohio River Valley. Built in 1759 on the
ruins of French Fort Duquesne, it served as an outpost for the
British from 1759-1772. Occupied by the Americans, first by
Virginian forces in 1773, then by troops of the Continental Army in
1777, Fort Pitt remained the primary western post for colonial
forces during the War of American Independence. Logstown Logstown,
at present-day Ambridge, Pennsylvania, was an important center for
frontier diplomacy with the indigenous peoples living in the Ohio
River Valley during the 1740s and 1750s. Occupied from
approximately 1738 to 1758, Logstown was at the center of the
events that shaped the destinies of the indigenous peoples of the
upper Ohio River Valley throughout this period. This edition
reprints three short historical sketches Judge Agnew originally
published in 1893 and 1894. The first, Fort McIntosh: Its Times and
Men, provides a history of Fort McIntosh as well as information
related to Fort Pitt during the later years of War of American
Independence. The second essay, "Fort Pitt" and Its Times, covers
aspects of the history of Fort Pitt not contained in the earlier
work. The third work, "Logstown" on the Ohio, is a history of white
relations with the Native American inhabitants of the village of
Logstown, an important trading center during the 1740s and 1750s.
The Honorable Daniel Agnew (1809-1902) was one of the earliest
residents of Beaver, Pennsylvania. Born in Trenton, New Jersey, his
family moved to Pennsylvania when he was still young. He graduated
from Western University in Pittsburgh in 1825 and began to practice
law. Agnew moved to Beaver in 1829. He became a member of the Whig
Party and was appointed a judge in the 17th Judicial Circuit in
1851. Agnew then served as Chief Justice of Pennsylvania from
1863-1878. After his retirement, he returned to Beaver, where he
spent most of the remainder of life in the pursuit of local
history.
Major General Edward Braddock (1694-1755) A veteran of the
Coldstream Guards and former governor of Gibraltar, Major General
Edward Braddock was given command of a small expeditionary force
sent to North America to remove the French from the continent. His
immediate goal-to dislodge them from Ohio River Valley. His force,
consisting of the veterans of two regular regiments of foot plus
numerous colonial units, was met on the path seven miles from Fort
Duquesne by a small French and Indian army and was soundly
defeated. Braddock, severely wounded, died a few days later. George
Washington (1732-1799) Faced with the prospect of being demoted to
captain, George Washington had resigned his commission in the
Virginia forces in October, 1754 and focused his attention on
organizing his new estate at Mount Vernon. On March 2, 1755, he
received a letter from Braddock's loyal aide-de-camp, Captain
Robert Orme inviting him to join the general's "Family" as an aide.
Washington jumped at this second chance to pursue his goal of a
military career. The young aide, eager to learn, kept his own
personal copy of Braddock's daily orders to the army, known as his
"Orderly Book." Braddock's Orderly Books Washington's copies of
General Braddock's Orderly Books were originally published in 1878
as an appendix to William H. Lowdermilk's History of Cumberland
(Maryland). Lowdermilk's edition, however, contained numerous
errors, with entire pages of the manuscript inserted in the wrong
location. The originals, along with most of George Washington's
papers, are held by the Library of Congress and have now been made
readily available for viewing on the American Memory pages of their
website. This edition reprintsLowdermilk's original. However, a
close comparison has been made to the originals and the appropriate
corrections have now been made. Selected Correspondence of George
Washington Part II of this work contains the correspondence of
George Washington related to the Ohio Expedition of 1755. Included
are his accounts of the Battle of Monongahela sent to Lieutenant
Governor Robert Dinwiddie, his mother Mary Ball Washington, and his
younger brother John Augustine Washington. Washington's letter book
of this time contains memorandums that he inserted later. This
edition publishes those memorandums as Washington originally wrote
them. Appendices The British casualty list from the Battle of
Monongahela as originally published in Lowdermilk. In addition, as
with all Normal Warfare Publications, this work contains an
extensive appendix with biographical information on all the major
participants mentioned within the work.
In Of Liberty and Necessity James A. Harris presents the first
comprehensive account of the free will problem in
eighteenth-century British philosophy. Harris proposes new
interpretations of the positions of familiar figures such as Locke,
Hume, Edwards, and Reid. He also gives careful attention to writers
such as William King, Samuel Clarke, Anthony Collins, Lord Kames,
James Beattie, David Hartley, Joseph Priestley, and Dugald Stewart,
who, while well-known in the eighteenth century, have since been
largely ignored by historians of philosophy. Through detailed
textual analysis, and by making precise use of a variety of
different contexts, Harris elucidates the contribution that each of
these writers makes to the eighteenth-century discussion of the
will and its freedom. In this period, the question of the nature of
human freedom is posed principally in terms of the influence of
motives upon the will. On one side of the debate are those who
believe that we are free in our choices. A motive, these
philosophers believe, constitutes a reason to act in a particular
way, but it is up to us which motive we act upon. On the other side
of the debate are those who believe that, on the contrary, there is
no such thing as freedom of choice. According to these
philosophers, one motive is always intrinsically stronger than the
rest and so is the one that must determine choice. Several
important issues are raised as this disagreement is explored and
developed, including the nature of motives, the value of
'indifference' to the will's freedom, the distinction between
'moral' and 'physical' necessity, the relation between the will and
the understanding, and the internal coherence of the concept of
freedom of will. One of Harris's primary objectives is to place
this debate in the context of the eighteenth-century concern with
replicating in the mental sphere what Newton had achieved in the
philosophy of nature. All of the philosophers discussed in Of
Liberty and Necessity conceive of themselves as 'experimental'
reasoners, and, when examining the will, focus primarily upon what
experience reveals about the influence of motives upon choice. The
nature and significance of introspection is therefore at the very
centre of the free will problem in this period, as is the question
of what can legitimately be inferred from observable regularities
in human behaviour.
Philosophy in eighteenth-century Britain was diverse, vibrant, and
sophisticated. This was the age of Hume and Berkeley and Reid, of
Hutcheson and Kames and Smith, of Ferguson and Burke and
Wollstonecraft. Important and influential works were published in
every area of philosophy, from the theory of vision to theories of
political resistance, from the philosophy of language to accounts
of ways of governing the passions. The philosophers of
eighteenth-century Britain were enormously influential, in France,
in Italy, in Germany, and in America. Their ideas and arguments
remain a powerful presence in philosophy three centuries later.
This Oxford Handbook is the first book ever to provide
comprehensive coverage of the full range of philosophical writing
in Britain in the eighteenth century. It provides accounts of the
writings of all the major figures, but also puts those figures in
the context provided by a host of writers less well known today.
The book has five principal sections: 'Logic and Metaphysics', 'The
Passions', 'Morals', 'Criticism', and 'Politics'. Each section
comprises four chapters, providing detailed coverage of all of the
important aspects of its subject matter. There is also an
introductory section, with chapters on the general character of
philosophizing in eighteenth-century Britain, and a concluding
section on the important question of the relation at this time
between philosophy and religion. The authors of the chapters are
experts in their fields. They include philosophers, historians,
political theorists, and literary critics, and they teach in
colleges and universities in Britain, in Europe, and in North
America.
This is the first book to provide a comprehensive overview of the
entire career of one of Britain's greatest men of letters. It sets
in biographical and historical context all of Hume's works, from A
Treatise of Human Nature to The History of England, bringing to
light the major influences on the course of Hume's intellectual
development, and paying careful attention to the differences
between the wide variety of literary genres with which Hume
experimented. The major events in Hume's life are fully described,
but the main focus is on Hume's intentions as a philosophical
analyst of human nature, politics, commerce, English history, and
religion. Careful attention is paid to Hume's intellectual
relations with his contemporaries. The goal is to reveal Hume as a
man intensely concerned with the realization of an ideal of
open-minded, objective, rigorous, dispassionate dialogue about all
the principal questions faced by his age.
David Hume, philosopher, historian, economist, librarian, and
essayist, was one of the great figures of the European
Enlightenment. Unlike some of his famous contemporaries, however,
he was not dogmatically committed to idealised conceptions of
reason, liberty, and progress. Instead, Hume was a sceptic whose
arguments questioned the reach and authority of human rationality,
and who put the rivalrous passions of commercial life at the centre
of his theory of human nature. He believed that the modern world
was in many ways superior to the ancient world, but was acutely
conscious of the threats to peace and progress posed by bigotry,
factionalism, and imperialism. Today Hume's works continue to speak
to us powerfully in an age of instability and uncertainty. This
Very Short Introduction presents a balanced account of Hume's
thought, giving equal attention to his work on human nature,
morality, politics, and religion. Weaving together biography, the
historical context, and a thoughtful exposition of Hume's
arguments, James A. Harris offers a compelling picture of a thinker
who had no disciples and formed no school, but whom no one in his
own time was able to ignore, and who has since become central to
modern philosophy's understanding of itself. Very Short
Introductions: Brilliant, Sharp, Inspiring ABOUT THE SERIES: The
Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press
contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These
pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new
subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis,
perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and
challenging topics highly readable.
Philosophy in eighteenth-century Britain was diverse, vibrant, and
sophisticated. This was the age of Hume and Berkeley and Reid, of
Hutcheson and Kames and Smith, of Ferguson and Burke and
Wollstonecraft. Important and influential works were published in
every area of philosophy, from the theory of vision to theories of
political resistance, from the philosophy of language to accounts
of ways of governing the passions. The philosophers of
eighteenth-century Britain were enormously influential, in France,
in Italy, in Germany, and in America. Their ideas and arguments
remain a powerful presence in philosophy three centuries later.
This Oxford Handbook is the first book ever to provide
comprehensive coverage of the full range of philosophical writing
in Britain in the eighteenth century. It provides accounts of the
writings of all the major figures, but also puts those figures in
the context provided by a host of writers less well known today.
The book has five principal sections: 'Logic and Metaphysics', 'The
Passions', 'Morals', 'Criticism', and 'Politics'. Each section
comprises four chapters, providing detailed coverage of all of the
important aspects of its subject matter. There is also an
introductory section, with chapters on the general character of
philosophizing in eighteenth-century Britain, and a concluding
section on the important question of the relation at this time
between philosophy and religion. The authors of the chapters are
experts in their fields. They include philosophers, historians,
political theorists, and literary critics, and they teach in
colleges and universities in Britain, in Europe, and in North
America.
A History of Scottish Philosophy is a series of collaborative
studies by expert authors, each volume being devoted to a specific
period. Together they provide a comprehensive account of the
Scottish philosophical tradition, from the centuries that laid the
foundation of the remarkable burst of intellectual fertility known
as the Scottish Enlightenment, through the Victorian age and
beyond, when it continued to exercise powerful intellectual
influence at home and abroad. The books aim to be historically
informative, while at the same time serving to renew philosophical
interest in the problems with which the Scottish philosophers
grappled and in the solutions they proposed. This is a companion
volume to Scottish Philosophy in the Eighteenth Century, Volume I.
Where Volume I covered Scottish Enlightenment contributions to
morals, politics, art, and religion, this second volume covers
philosophical method, metaphysics, and the philosophy of mind. It
includes a comprehensive account of the teaching of philosophy in
Scottish universities in the eighteenth century. Particular
attention is given to Scottish achievements in the science of the
mind in chapters on perception, the intellectual powers, the active
powers, habit and the association of ideas, and language.
In Of Liberty and Necessity James A. Harris presents the first
comprehensive account of the free will problem in
eighteenth-century British philosophy. Harris proposes new
interpretations of the positions of familiar figures such as Locke,
Hume, Edwards, and Reid. He also gives careful attention to writers
such as William King, Samuel Clarke, Anthony Collins, Lord Kames,
James Beattie, David Hartley, Joseph Priestley, and Dugald Stewart,
who, while well-known in the eighteenth century, have since been
largely ignored by historians of philosophy. Through detailed
textual analysis, and by making precise use of a variety of
different contexts, Harris elucidates the contribution that each of
these writers makes to the eighteenth-century discussion of the
will and its freedom.
In this period, the question of the nature of human freedom is
posed principally in terms of the influence of motives upon the
will. On one side of the debate are those who believe that we are
free in our choices. A motive, these philosophers believe,
constitutes a reason to act in a particular way, but it is up to us
which motive we act upon. On the other side of the debate are those
who believe that, on the contrary, there is no such thing as
freedom of choice. According to these philosophers, one motive is
always intrinsically stronger than the rest and so is the one that
must determine choice. Several important issues are raised as this
disagreement is explored and developed, including the nature of
motives, the value of "indifference" to the will's freedom, the
distinction between "moral" and "physical" necessity, the relation
between the will and the understanding, and the internal coherence
of the concept offreedom of will.
One of Harris's primary objectives is to place this debate in the
context of the eighteenth-century concern with replicating in the
mental sphere what Newton had achieved in the philosophy of nature.
All of the philosophers discussed in Of Liberty and Necessity
conceive of themselves as "experimental" reasoners, and, when
examining the will, focus primarily upon what experience reveals
about the influence of motives upon choice. The nature and
significance of introspection is therefore at the very center of
the free will problem in this period, as is the question of what
can legitimately be inferred from observable regularities in human
behavior.
This is the first book to provide a comprehensive overview of the
entire career of one of Britain's greatest men of letters. It sets
in biographical and historical context all of Hume's works, from A
Treatise of Human Nature to The History of England, bringing to
light the major influences on the course of Hume's intellectual
development, and paying careful attention to the differences
between the wide variety of literary genres with which Hume
experimented. The major events in Hume's life are fully described,
but the main focus is on Hume's intentions as a philosophical
analyst of human nature, politics, commerce, English history, and
religion. Careful attention is paid to Hume's intellectual
relations with his contemporaries. The goal is to reveal Hume as a
man intensely concerned with the realization of an ideal of
open-minded, objective, rigorous, dispassionate dialogue about all
the principal questions faced by his age.
A History of Scottish Philosophy is a series of collaborative
studies by expert authors, each volume being devoted to a specific
period. Together they provide a comprehensive account of the
Scottish philosophical tradition, from the centuries that laid the
foundation of the remarkable burst of intellectual fertility known
as the Scottish Enlightenment, through the Victorian age and
beyond, when it continued to exercise powerful intellectual
influence at home and abroad. The books aim to be historically
informative, while at the same time serving to renew philosophical
interest in the problems with which the Scottish philosophers
grappled, and in the solutions they proposed. This new history of
Scottish philosophy will include two volumes that focus on the
Scottish Enlightenment. In this volume a team of leading experts
explore the ideas, intellectual context, and influence of
Hutcheson, Hume, Smith, Reid, and many other thinkers, frame old
issues in fresh ways, and introduce new topics and questions into
debates about the philosophy of this remarkable period. The
contributors explore the distinctively Scottish context of this
philosophical flourishing, and juxtapose the work of canonical
philosophers with contemporaries now very seldom read. The outcome
is a broadening-out, and a filling-in of the detail, of the picture
of the philosophical scene of Scotland in the eighteenth century.
General Editor: Gordon Graham, Princeton Theological Seminary
The cornerstone and principal feature of this book includes the
urgency and necessity priority and nanometer scale (where size is
measured in one billionth of a meter) are in possession of
nanoscale practical application delivery, convergence and the
transformation of both the North American Industry Classification
System (NAICS), 2012, and the United Nations International Standard
Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, Rev.4, into
sources of global competitive advantage worldwide economic growth.
The challenge that has blocked this global nanotechnology priority
strategy is the 2007-2008 to 2012-2013 financial, economic,
monetary, banking and corporations crisis and collapse. Leading
factors in the creation of this financial and economic crisis
include the huge global over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives
accumulation in excess of the demand for dollars. This challenge
was orchestrated by mega aggregate concentration that consisted of
voting rights in major corporations, structure of corporate
concentration, institutional shareholders, and interlocking
directorates. There were catastrophic and calamity consequences
accompanied by U.S. Federal Reserve Asset Purchases.
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