This is the first book to provide a comprehensive overview of the entire career of one of Britain's greatest men of letters. It sets in biographical and historical context all of Hume's works, from A Treatise of Human Nature to The History of England, bringing to light the major influences on the course of Hume's intellectual development, and paying careful attention to the differences between the wide variety of literary genres with which Hume experimented. The major events in Hume's life are fully described, but the main focus is on Hume's intentions as a philosophical analyst of human nature, politics, commerce, English history, and religion. Careful attention is paid to Hume's intellectual relations with his contemporaries. The goal is to reveal Hume as a man intensely concerned with the realization of an ideal of open-minded, objective, rigorous, dispassionate dialogue about all the principal questions faced by his age.

David Hume, philosopher, historian, economist, librarian, and essayist, was one of the great figures of the European Enlightenment. Unlike some of his famous contemporaries, however, he was not dogmatically committed to idealised conceptions of reason, liberty, and progress. Instead, Hume was a sceptic whose arguments questioned the reach and authority of human rationality, and who put the rivalrous passions of commercial life at the centre of his theory of human nature. He believed that the modern world was in many ways superior to the ancient world, but was acutely conscious of the threats to peace and progress posed by bigotry, factionalism, and imperialism. Today Hume's works continue to speak to us powerfully in an age of instability and uncertainty. This Very Short Introduction presents a balanced account of Hume's thought, giving equal attention to his work on human nature, morality, politics, and religion. Weaving together biography, the historical context, and a thoughtful exposition of Hume's arguments, James A. Harris offers a compelling picture of a thinker who had no disciples and formed no school, but whom no one in his own time was able to ignore, and who has since become central to modern philosophy's understanding of itself. Very Short Introductions: Brilliant, Sharp, Inspiring ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

This is the first book to provide a comprehensive overview of the entire career of one of Britain's greatest men of letters. It sets in biographical and historical context all of Hume's works, from A Treatise of Human Nature to The History of England, bringing to light the major influences on the course of Hume's intellectual development, and paying careful attention to the differences between the wide variety of literary genres with which Hume experimented. The major events in Hume's life are fully described, but the main focus is on Hume's intentions as a philosophical analyst of human nature, politics, commerce, English history, and religion. Careful attention is paid to Hume's intellectual relations with his contemporaries. The goal is to reveal Hume as a man intensely concerned with the realization of an ideal of open-minded, objective, rigorous, dispassionate dialogue about all the principal questions faced by his age.

Fort McIntosh Fort McIntosh at the site of present-day Beaver, Pennsylvania, was built by General Lachlan McIntosh in 1778 as a staging ground for a planned military expedition in the west. Although the expedition was soon abandoned, Fort McIntosh remained occupied until 1785. Fort Pitt Fort Pitt was the Gateway to the West at the forks of the Ohio River Valley. Built in 1759 on the ruins of French Fort Duquesne, it served as an outpost for the British from 1759-1772. Occupied by the Americans, first by Virginian forces in 1773, then by troops of the Continental Army in 1777, Fort Pitt remained the primary western post for colonial forces during the War of American Independence. Logstown Logstown, at present-day Ambridge, Pennsylvania, was an important center for frontier diplomacy with the indigenous peoples living in the Ohio River Valley during the 1740s and 1750s. Occupied from approximately 1738 to 1758, Logstown was at the center of the events that shaped the destinies of the indigenous peoples of the upper Ohio River Valley throughout this period. This edition reprints three short historical sketches Judge Agnew originally published in 1893 and 1894. The first, Fort McIntosh: Its Times and Men, provides a history of Fort McIntosh as well as information related to Fort Pitt during the later years of War of American Independence. The second essay, "Fort Pitt" and Its Times, covers aspects of the history of Fort Pitt not contained in the earlier work. The third work, "Logstown" on the Ohio, is a history of white relations with the Native American inhabitants of the village of Logstown, an important trading center during the 1740s and 1750s. The Honorable Daniel Agnew (1809-1902) was one of the earliest residents of Beaver, Pennsylvania. Born in Trenton, New Jersey, his family moved to Pennsylvania when he was still young. He graduated from Western University in Pittsburgh in 1825 and began to practice law. Agnew moved to Beaver in 1829. He became a member of the Whig Party and was appointed a judge in the 17th Judicial Circuit in 1851. Agnew then served as Chief Justice of Pennsylvania from 1863-1878. After his retirement, he returned to Beaver, where he spent most of the remainder of life in the pursuit of local history.

Major General Edward Braddock (1694-1755) A veteran of the Coldstream Guards and former governor of Gibraltar, Major General Edward Braddock was given command of a small expeditionary force sent to North America to remove the French from the continent. His immediate goal-to dislodge them from Ohio River Valley. His force, consisting of the veterans of two regular regiments of foot plus numerous colonial units, was met on the path seven miles from Fort Duquesne by a small French and Indian army and was soundly defeated. Braddock, severely wounded, died a few days later. George Washington (1732-1799) Faced with the prospect of being demoted to captain, George Washington had resigned his commission in the Virginia forces in October, 1754 and focused his attention on organizing his new estate at Mount Vernon. On March 2, 1755, he received a letter from Braddock's loyal aide-de-camp, Captain Robert Orme inviting him to join the general's "Family" as an aide. Washington jumped at this second chance to pursue his goal of a military career. The young aide, eager to learn, kept his own personal copy of Braddock's daily orders to the army, known as his "Orderly Book." Braddock's Orderly Books Washington's copies of General Braddock's Orderly Books were originally published in 1878 as an appendix to William H. Lowdermilk's History of Cumberland (Maryland). Lowdermilk's edition, however, contained numerous errors, with entire pages of the manuscript inserted in the wrong location. The originals, along with most of George Washington's papers, are held by the Library of Congress and have now been made readily available for viewing on the American Memory pages of their website. This edition reprintsLowdermilk's original. However, a close comparison has been made to the originals and the appropriate corrections have now been made. Selected Correspondence of George Washington Part II of this work contains the correspondence of George Washington related to the Ohio Expedition of 1755. Included are his accounts of the Battle of Monongahela sent to Lieutenant Governor Robert Dinwiddie, his mother Mary Ball Washington, and his younger brother John Augustine Washington. Washington's letter book of this time contains memorandums that he inserted later. This edition publishes those memorandums as Washington originally wrote them. Appendices The British casualty list from the Battle of Monongahela as originally published in Lowdermilk. In addition, as with all Normal Warfare Publications, this work contains an extensive appendix with biographical information on all the major participants mentioned within the work.

Philosophy in eighteenth-century Britain was diverse, vibrant, and sophisticated. This was the age of Hume and Berkeley and Reid, of Hutcheson and Kames and Smith, of Ferguson and Burke and Wollstonecraft. Important and influential works were published in every area of philosophy, from the theory of vision to theories of political resistance, from the philosophy of language to accounts of ways of governing the passions. The philosophers of eighteenth-century Britain were enormously influential, in France, in Italy, in Germany, and in America. Their ideas and arguments remain a powerful presence in philosophy three centuries later. This Oxford Handbook is the first book ever to provide comprehensive coverage of the full range of philosophical writing in Britain in the eighteenth century. It provides accounts of the writings of all the major figures, but also puts those figures in the context provided by a host of writers less well known today. The book has five principal sections: 'Logic and Metaphysics', 'The Passions', 'Morals', 'Criticism', and 'Politics'. Each section comprises four chapters, providing detailed coverage of all of the important aspects of its subject matter. There is also an introductory section, with chapters on the general character of philosophizing in eighteenth-century Britain, and a concluding section on the important question of the relation at this time between philosophy and religion. The authors of the chapters are experts in their fields. They include philosophers, historians, political theorists, and literary critics, and they teach in colleges and universities in Britain, in Europe, and in North America.

The cornerstone and principal feature of this book includes the urgency and necessity priority and nanometer scale (where size is measured in one billionth of a meter) are in possession of nanoscale practical application delivery, convergence and the transformation of both the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), 2012, and the United Nations International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, Rev.4, into sources of global competitive advantage worldwide economic growth. The challenge that has blocked this global nanotechnology priority strategy is the 2007-2008 to 2012-2013 financial, economic, monetary, banking and corporations crisis and collapse. Leading factors in the creation of this financial and economic crisis include the huge global over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives accumulation in excess of the demand for dollars. This challenge was orchestrated by mega aggregate concentration that consisted of voting rights in major corporations, structure of corporate concentration, institutional shareholders, and interlocking directorates. There were catastrophic and calamity consequences accompanied by U.S. Federal Reserve Asset Purchases.

In Of Liberty and Necessity James A. Harris presents the first comprehensive account of the free will problem in eighteenth-century British philosophy. Harris proposes new interpretations of the positions of familiar figures such as Locke, Hume, Edwards, and Reid. He also gives careful attention to writers such as William King, Samuel Clarke, Anthony Collins, Lord Kames, James Beattie, David Hartley, Joseph Priestley, and Dugald Stewart, who, while well-known in the eighteenth century, have since been largely ignored by historians of philosophy. Through detailed textual analysis, and by making precise use of a variety of different contexts, Harris elucidates the contribution that each of these writers makes to the eighteenth-century discussion of the will and its freedom.
In this period, the question of the nature of human freedom is posed principally in terms of the influence of motives upon the will. On one side of the debate are those who believe that we are free in our choices. A motive, these philosophers believe, constitutes a reason to act in a particular way, but it is up to us which motive we act upon. On the other side of the debate are those who believe that, on the contrary, there is no such thing as freedom of choice. According to these philosophers, one motive is always intrinsically stronger than the rest and so is the one that must determine choice. Several important issues are raised as this disagreement is explored and developed, including the nature of motives, the value of "indifference" to the will's freedom, the distinction between "moral" and "physical" necessity, the relation between the will and the understanding, and the internal coherence of the concept offreedom of will.
One of Harris's primary objectives is to place this debate in the context of the eighteenth-century concern with replicating in the mental sphere what Newton had achieved in the philosophy of nature. All of the philosophers discussed in Of Liberty and Necessity conceive of themselves as "experimental" reasoners, and, when examining the will, focus primarily upon what experience reveals about the influence of motives upon choice. The nature and significance of introspection is therefore at the very center of the free will problem in this period, as is the question of what can legitimately be inferred from observable regularities in human behavior.

In Of Liberty and Necessity James A. Harris presents the first comprehensive account of the free will problem in eighteenth-century British philosophy. Harris proposes new interpretations of the positions of familiar figures such as Locke, Hume, Edwards, and Reid. He also gives careful attention to writers such as William King, Samuel Clarke, Anthony Collins, Lord Kames, James Beattie, David Hartley, Joseph Priestley, and Dugald Stewart, who, while well-known in the eighteenth century, have since been largely ignored by historians of philosophy. Through detailed textual analysis, and by making precise use of a variety of different contexts, Harris elucidates the contribution that each of these writers makes to the eighteenth-century discussion of the will and its freedom. In this period, the question of the nature of human freedom is posed principally in terms of the influence of motives upon the will. On one side of the debate are those who believe that we are free in our choices. A motive, these philosophers believe, constitutes a reason to act in a particular way, but it is up to us which motive we act upon. On the other side of the debate are those who believe that, on the contrary, there is no such thing as freedom of choice. According to these philosophers, one motive is always intrinsically stronger than the rest and so is the one that must determine choice. Several important issues are raised as this disagreement is explored and developed, including the nature of motives, the value of 'indifference' to the will's freedom, the distinction between 'moral' and 'physical' necessity, the relation between the will and the understanding, and the internal coherence of the concept of freedom of will. One of Harris's primary objectives is to place this debate in the context of the eighteenth-century concern with replicating in the mental sphere what Newton had achieved in the philosophy of nature. All of the philosophers discussed in Of Liberty and Necessity conceive of themselves as 'experimental' reasoners, and, when examining the will, focus primarily upon what experience reveals about the influence of motives upon choice. The nature and significance of introspection is therefore at the very centre of the free will problem in this period, as is the question of what can legitimately be inferred from observable regularities in human behaviour.