The Superhero Multiverse focuses on the evolving meanings of the superhero icon in 21st-century film and popular media, with an emphasis on re-adaptation, re-imagining, and re-making. With its focus on multimedia and transmedia transformations, The Superhero Multiverse pivots on two important points: firstly, it reflects on the core concerns of the superhero narrative-including the relationship between 'superhero comics' and 'superhero films', the comics roots of superhero media, matters of canon and hybridity, and issues of recycling and stereotyping in superhero films and media texts. Secondly, it considers how these intersecting textual and cultural preoccupations are intrinsic to the process of remaking and re-adapting superheroes, and brings attention to multiple ways of materializing these iconic figures in our contemporary context.

Although several U.S. and European airlines have started providing human factors training to their maintenance personnel, the academic community (some 300 academic programs in the United States and several others in Europe and Asia) has not yet started offering formal human factors education to maintenance students. The highly respected authors strongly believe in incorporating the human factors principles in aviation maintenance. This is the first of two volumes providing effective behavioural guidance on risk management in aviation maintenance for both the novice and the experienced maintenance personnel. Its practical guidelines assist both student and practising aviation maintenance personnel to develop sustainable safety culture. For the maintenance community it provides some theoretical discussion about the "Why?" for risk management and then focus on the 'How?' to implement a successful error reduction program. To help the maintenance community in making a strong case to their financial managers, the authors also discuss the return on investment for risk management programs. The issue of risk management is taken at two levels. First, it provides a basic awareness information to those who have little or no knowledge of maintenance human factors. Second, it provides a set of practical tools for the more experienced people so that they can be more effective in risk management and error recovery in their jobs. This invaluable book serves as a practical guide as well as an academic textbook. The book covers fundamental human factors principles from a risk management perspective. Upon reading this informative book, the audience will be able to apply the basic principles of risk management to aviation maintenance environment, and they will be able to use low-risk behaviours in their daily work.

Although several U.S. and European airlines have started providing human factors training to their maintenance personnel, the academic community (some 300 academic programs in the United States and several others in Europe and Asia) has not yet started offering formal human factors education to maintenance students. The highly respected authors strongly believe in incorporating the human factors principles in aviation maintenance. This is the first of two volumes providing effective behavioural guidance on risk management in aviation maintenance for both the novice and the experienced maintenance personnel. Its practical guidelines assist both student and practising aviation maintenance personnel to develop sustainable safety culture. For the maintenance community it provides some theoretical discussion about the "Why?" for risk management and then focus on the 'How?' to implement a successful error reduction program. To help the maintenance community in making a strong case to their financial managers, the authors also discuss the return on investment for risk management programs. The issue of risk management is taken at two levels. First, it provides a basic awareness information to those who have little or no knowledge of maintenance human factors. Second, it provides a set of practical tools for the more experienced people so that they can be more effective in risk management and error recovery in their jobs. This invaluable book serves as a practical guide as well as an academic textbook. The book covers fundamental human factors principles from a risk management perspective. Upon reading this informative book, the audience will be able to apply the basic principles of risk management to aviation maintenance environment, and they will be able to use low-risk behaviours in their daily work.

Considering the global awareness of human performance issues affecting maintenance personnel, there is enough evidence in the US ASRS reports to establish that systemic problems such as impractical maintenance procedures, inadequate training, and the safety versus profit challenge continue to contribute toward latent failures. Manoj S. Patankar and James C. Taylor strongly believe in incorporating the human factors principles in aviation maintenance. In this, their second of two volumes, they place particular emphasis on applying human factors principles in a book intended to serve as a practical guide, as well as an academic text. Features include: - A real 'how to' approach that serves as a companion to the previous volume: 'Risk Management and Error Reduction in Aviation Maintenance'. - Self-reports of maintenance errors used throughout to illustrate the systemic susceptibility for errors as well as to discuss corresponding solutions. - Two tools - a pre-task scorecard and a post-task scorecard - introduced as means to measure individual as well as organizational safety performance. - Interpersonal trust and professionalism explored in detail. - Ethical and procedural issues associated with collection and analysis of both qualitative as well as quantitative safety data discussed. The intended readership includes aviation maintenance personnel, e.g. FAA-type aircraft mechanics, CAA-type aircraft maintenance engineers, maintenance managers, regulators, and aviation students.

Considering the global awareness of human performance issues affecting maintenance personnel, there is enough evidence in the US ASRS reports to establish that systemic problems such as impractical maintenance procedures, inadequate training, and the safety versus profit challenge continue to contribute toward latent failures. Manoj S. Patankar and James C. Taylor strongly believe in incorporating the human factors principles in aviation maintenance. In this, their second of two volumes, they place particular emphasis on applying human factors principles in a book intended to serve as a practical guide, as well as an academic text. Features include: - A real 'how to' approach that serves as a companion to the previous volume: 'Risk Management and Error Reduction in Aviation Maintenance'. - Self-reports of maintenance errors used throughout to illustrate the systemic susceptibility for errors as well as to discuss corresponding solutions. - Two tools - a pre-task scorecard and a post-task scorecard - introduced as means to measure individual as well as organizational safety performance. - Interpersonal trust and professionalism explored in detail. - Ethical and procedural issues associated with collection and analysis of both qualitative as well as quantitative safety data discussed. The intended readership includes aviation maintenance personnel, e.g. FAA-type aircraft mechanics, CAA-type aircraft maintenance engineers, maintenance managers, regulators, and aviation students.

This volume contains nine chapters that detail recent advances in chemistry research. Chapter One discusses the history, applications and future of ethylene glycol. Chapter Two presents flavones, one of the largest subgroups of the secondary metabolite class of flavonoids. Chapter Three discusses xylan and derivative applications, particularly emphasizing the separation and concentration of liquid streams containing hemicellulose. Chapter Four examines selective polyoxometalate (POM)-catalyzed hydrolysis of biomass xylan. Chapter Five evaluates if the thermogenic potential of pepper and cinnamon could in any way contribute to normalizing physical performance (assessed by tread mill test) in cold exposed rats. Chapter Six focuses on the biological activity of chrysin derivatives. Chapter Seven discusses the distinctive characteristics of ethylene glycol. Chapter Eight reviews the recent trends in theophylline, its derivatives, and those of its structural analogs such as caffeine, aminophylline, and threombine vis-á-vis synthesis, characterization, physicochemical properties, and applications. Finally, Chapter Nine highlights synthetic methodologies developed for the 1, 3, 4 oxadiazole derivatives and their pharmacological value.

This book presents original research results on the leading edge of chemistry research. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. Topics discussed include the oxidative decomposition of oxalic acid in aqueous media; the physico-chemical properties of acrylamide; catalysis and the phenomenon of electrochemical promotion; oxalate metabolism in wood-rotting basidomycetes; novel self-oscillating polymer chains; lysophosphatidic acid and heavy metal toxicity.

This book presents original research results on the leading edge of chemistry research. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. Topics discussed include thermal behaviour and enthalpy relaxation in aromatic polycarbonate; cobalozimes with functionalised ligands; parameters of the combustion of differential propellant in mixture of oxidants and the modelling of transition metal complex catalysts.

Advances in Chemistry Research. Volume 58 first characterizes electrochemical oxidation processes from an ecotoxicological perspective. This approach allows for the evaluation of the influence of electrochemical degradation parameters, such as electrode material or type of electrolyte, in the modulation of toxicity under different scenarios. Following this, the authors present a collection of existing knowledge on electro-fenton and anodic oxidation electrochemical processes. The choice of electrode materials plays an important role in both processes for better efficiency. A standardized procedure is proposed for analyzing humic samples of various genesis consisting of four successive methods of analysis. The results obtained in this case present a set of, semi-quantitative and quantitative parameters in the macromolecule of carboxyl, aromatic, polysaccharide and aliphatic fragments. A highly effective adsorbent for p-chlorophenol is been synthesized using magnetite nanoparticles coated with humic acids. The adsorbent is synthesized via co-precipitation of a mixed Fe3+ and Fe2+ solution using NH4OH 25% at pH 11 followed by the rapid addition of humic acids solution in NaOH 1 M. This collection also reviews the spectral and luminescent properties of humic acids, as well as identifies the impact of humic acids on the effectiveness of organic compounds photodegradation. In the concluding study, the water quench test is applied as an experimental method for thermal shock resistance testing, and the authors provide a morphological analysis of the samples before and during the testing.

The influence of individual groups in the monomeric unit of polyamides on their physical properties is analysed in the opening chapter of Volume 55. The following chapter focuses on selected aspects of the chemistry and biology of triclabendazole, and includes not only a description of the impact of the disease fasciolosis, but also the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of triclabendazole. The author of the penultimate chapter focuses on the catalytic reaction mechanism of H2 release by solvolysis, hydro-thermolysis, and thermolysis reactions of borates. Recent advances in the fabrication of various catalysts are discussed, and recent investigations of their internal and external properties are described. The final review attempts to summarize the medicinal properties, health benefits and clinical applications of papaya. Furthermore, research and exploitation of high value-added products from papaya is discussed.

The first chapter of Advances in Chemistry Research. Volume 54 investigates the structure-function relationships of glycans. A recent structural analysis of oligomannose glycans, based on biophysical methods (including solution nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray crystallographic analyses) are presented and discussed. A summary of the history, clinical uses, and pharmacokinetics of polyethylene glycol interferon are presented. Important features regarding its clinical efficacy in combination with new antiviral agents like ribavirin, telaprevir, entecavir, tenofovir, adefovir, sofosbuvir and ledipasvir are also discussed. The fluorescence properties of anthracene based ligands are proposed to be suitable to design sensors for cations as well as anions. Some of the complexes of anthracene-based ligands are reported to have potential for light-emitting devices. Various quantum chemical properties, dipole moments, bond lengths, charges, total electronic energies, the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energies and the interfrontier molecular orbital energy gap values are obtained and compared. An empirical equation is derived for calculating the free formaldehyde concentration in alcoholaformaldehyde systems at various temperatures and total formaldehyde concentrations, as well as an equation for evaluating solvent concentrations. In the final study, the authors exploit the intense fluorescence behavior of luminol for a quantitative understanding of hydrogen bonding behavior and its interaction with several biological media, with the help of steady state and time-resolved measurements as well as density functional theory calculations.

The opening chapter reviews the many theoretical predictions of nitrogen oligomers and discusses their potential applications. Predictions of nitrogen oligomers encapsulated in carbon nanotubes, free standing oligomers and single crystals of nitrogen oligomers are also discussed. Additionally, a focus on the synthesis of various electron push and electron pull units towards the construction of push-pull unit decorated oligomers and their application as organic optoelectronic materials is presented. The authors provide a summary of relevant methodologies for using an alcohol as reducing agent. The authors go on to examine how yellow laccases differ from blue laccases in fungal strains. Laccase is an oxidoreductase with four copper ions in two active sites, which catalyses the oxidation of reduced substrates usually phenols or aromatic amines, coupled with the reduction of molecular oxygen to water. The penultimate chapter discusses the novel features of biphenyl based systems and how their rigidity and compactness provide detectable signals even for poorly conducting conformations. A literature review on ethylbenzene extraction using ionic liquids is presented in the final section and the results are discussed in the light of selectivity and distribution coefficients since both of them affect process efficiency.

The opening chapter discusses recent investigations carried out from the academia, industry and research organizations about technology in the treatment of aqueous solutions containing any type of metal.Chapter two describes naphthalene catabolism genes, their organization and function, and the role of extrachromosomal DNA in naphthalene oxidation. Factors affecting natural PAH biodegradation are estimated; model systems to study naphthalene and phenanthrene microbial utilization are presented in detail, focusing on mathematical modeling of biodegradation processes in the laboratory microcosms. Moreover, the authors also described the mobility of naphthalene degradation-related genes by horizontal gene transfer in gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.The authors go on to review attempts to produce more reasonable values by taking the relative electronegativities of the bonded atoms into account.The experience of the research team in the field of cementation processes in which tin participates as a metal-cementator or tin is reduced by another metal from its compounds dissolved in solutions is generalized in the concluding chapter.

In this compilation, the authors begin by highlighting the recent developments in asymmetric 1,4- and 1,2- additions to , -unsaturated carbonyl compounds. The recent finding of Cu (I)-catalyzed asymmetric 1,2-addition of Grignard reagents to , -unsaturated carbonyl compounds, as well as aromatic ketones, has categorically revolutionized catalytic asymmetric reactions.This compilation also aims to use the well-known coordination preference of zinc in phthalocyanine and porphyrin ligands in correlation with supramolecular systems. The light-absorption process in dye-sensitized solar cells is studied using the time-dependent density functional theory.In recent years, a series of investigations on detonation wave formation in acetylene have been published. In these studies, it was shown that the formation of detonation proceeds entirely due to the energy released during the condensation of carbon nanoparticles during the growth of poly-aromatic hydrocarbons. The results of these studies are summarized and practical applications are discussed.The authors discuss aromatic amines, derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons containing an amino group/an amine group/nitrogen atom in their structures. These compounds represent one of the most important classes of industrial and environmental chemicals. Three groups have been studied: monocyclic, polycyclic, and heterocyclic aromatic amines, which are used as intermediates in azo dye manufacturing, pigments, drugs, antibiotics, antidepressants, pesticides, and other industrial products.In the closing study, the GC-MS/MS method has been developed for the determination and quantification of 35 multiclass pesticide residues in chili samples. Pesticides were selected from different families including organochlorines, organophosphorus, carbamates, pyrethroids, triazines, triazoles, and pyrazoles. The QuEChERS-dSPE method was used for the extraction of pesticide residue.

This volume opens with a discussion of the analytical chemistry of amlodipine from the perspective of drug purity control and stability indicating assays for quality assurance purposes. The synthesis and stability of the heterocycle is examined in conjunction with the determination impurities in different scenarios. Other specific aspects such as phase transitions, the determination of genotoxic impurities, and the enantiomers of the drug are also discussed.The following chapter focuses on the numerical investigation of the trends in the flow patterns and the corresponding characteristics of the chemical reactions that develop for different flow path geometries incorporating features typically found in engineering systems. These geometries include a straight flow channel, a constricted channel, a channel with a roughened surface, a channel with a junction, and then a channel with an expansion and contraction including an open expansion, an expansion with a filter, with baffles, a flow obstruction, and a roughened surface.The authors go on to discuss carbonylation reactions of important homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, development of carbon monoxide surrogates and future aspects. The carbon monoxide molecule has gained immense interest as one-carbon source building block through CC bond formations in many catalytic carbonylation reactions for producing fine and bulk chemicals.The closing chapter discusses the most important aspects of liquid-liquid extraction of ion-association complexes: association and extraction equilibria, ion-association reagents, organic solvents, side processes and their manifestation, and methods for determining composition and equilibrium constants. It systematizes information on the classical liquid-liquid extraction of ion-association complexes which can help investigators take full advantage of the high chemical-analytical potential of these compounds.

Advances in Chemistry Research. Volume 48 opens with a discussion of statistically significant evidence of the application of stochastic dynamics, in particular, the BoxMullers method, for studying the temporal behavior of the mass spectrometric intensity. The presented model equations, based on stochastic dynamics, are validated using another source of evidence of mass spectrometric diffusion parameters called the current monitoring method. Crystallographic data of five of the studied crystals are presented for first time together with an electron density analysis. Next, the authors cover different analytical techniques that have been used for the analysis of sulfacetamide and its degradation/metabolic products in order to develop a better understanding of the assay of the active drug. The various techniques employed for this purpose are discussed. The following chapter presents methods of the stereoselective C-acylation and their applications in natural product synthesis. Compared to stereoselective aldol reactions, stereoselective acylation reactions are not frequently used but are still important methods because they are irreversible reactions, while some aldol adducts undergo the retro-aldol reaction. In the concluding section, the authors discuss their recent progress in developing Ir complex-catalyzed N-alkylation systems employing alcohols as alkylating reagents. These catalytic systems involving hydrogen transfer process are environmentally friendly because they produce water as the sole byproduct.

In the introductory chapter of Advances in Chemistry Research. Volume 47, the authors review eterogeneous catalytic systems reported from 2004 to 2018 for some of the key chemical transformations of limonene such as oxidation, hydrogenation and isomerization reactions. The main advantages of the heterogeneous catalytic processes are the easy separation of a catalyst from a reaction mixture, the possibility of reuse and the mild reaction conditions of the processes. The processes responsible for the memory effect (induced by electrical breakdown and discharge in custom-made/commercial tubes) filled with noble gases at low pressure are analyzed in the next chapter. This analysis is based on the experimental results pertaining to a mean value of electrical breakdown time delay as a function of the afterglow period. Next, a variety of hydroxyquinoline-based compounds from three perspectives, namely their applications as anticancer agents, as sensing agents for metal detection, and the mechanisms of their actions. The authors provide an overview on the ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes catalyzed and visible-light assisted procedures employed for the production of radical intermediates from sulfonyl chlorides. In addition, they account the applications of these radical species in the syntheses of functionalized aliphatic and aromatic compounds. Because previous kinetic models assume that the reaction medium was reacting at random and without a turnover associated to thermodynamics exchanges, some included experimental studies aim to show that coupling factor 1 from spinach chloroplasts has latent ATPase activity which becomes expressed after heat-treatment and incubation with calcium. Lastly, optically active ketones are isolated from the domino deprotection/decarboxylation/protonation reaction of racemic allyl or benzyl B-ketoesters and corresponding enol carbonates mediated with both palladium species and unichiral aminoalcohols. Protonation of an ammonium enolate as the key enantioselective step is consistent with the absence of a relationship between the nature of the substrate and the absolute configuration of the isolated ketone.

Water pollution by organic dyestuffs is a major environmental issue to be addressed, given the strong negative impact of such molecules due to both their direct toxicity and that of their derivatives. As such, there is a growing interest regarding possible implementation of advanced oxidation processes in conventional wastewater treatments.Following this, the process of oxidation-reduction is conducted in electrodes/membranes based on teflonized carbon blacks/carbons. A physical model of the reaction mechanism in carbon-teflon structure is developed, and three types of processes have been studied: SO2 oxidation with O2 reduction; H2S oxidation with O2 reduction; and H2S oxidation with SO2 reduction.The authors aim to update the knowledge in the field by presenting in a systematic approach the scientific literature data concerning the applications of cyanoethylation focusing on the catalytic aspects of the process. Aspects related to the most relevant reactions, the reaction conditions and the catalysts employed for each of them are presented.In closing, numerical simulation of shock wave phenomena in supersonic compressible flows is discussed. The test cases considered include supersonic flow in a channel with a forward facing step, reflection of a shock wave from a wall, shock wave and laminar boundary layer interaction.

The authors' of this latest volume discuss recent advances in chemistry research. Chapter One reviews the role of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for the analysis of carbonated beverages in both beverage quality and safety control. Chapter Two determines the effect of the agitation speed on the mass transfer coefficient of the water phase in a stirred cell. Chapter Three provides a vapour-liquid equilibrium investigation of the ethanol-cyclohexane system. Chapter Four implements the quantitative structureproperty relationship (QSPR) strategy to predict the freezing point of pure chemical compounds. Chapter Five studies the effects of kinetic inhibitors including L-Tyrosine (4-hydroxyphenylalanine), Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP) and Polyethylene oxide (PEO) on methane hydrate formation rate. Chapter Six provides a better understanding of the crystal metals impacting secondary alphatic amine aerosol formation in the atmosphere. Chapter Seven discusses the thermodynamic properties and structures of gaseous borates. Chapter Eight reports the study of monovacancy resistivity of some dilute alloys of the different groups of the periodic table on the basis of well-known single parametric model potential formalism. The final chapter has the objective to develop new plasmono-resonance NPs of noble metals (gold and its alloy with silver) stabilised and functionalised with a MA copolymer, as well as to study a possibility of application of obtained organo-mineral colloids containing or containing no specific enzyme in catalysis for the selective aerobic oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid.

This book takes a look at the Kingdom of God - what it meant to the Jewish people of Jesus' time and earlier - and what it meant to the early Christian Church and later. The differences between the Kingdom and the Church; and the similarities between the two are pointed out and discussed. It should be no surprise to anyone who claims to be a Christian that the present-day Church is in trouble; and that God is calling out for it to return to Him - to return to that place called the Kingdom of God. In this book, we consider what the Church once was, what it is today; and what it must become before the Return of the Lord. As Paul the apostle said, It must be a "glorious church, not having spot, or wrinkle, or any such thing;" and we, as the Church, must prepare to meet our God.

The Gospel - the Good News that a Savior came to earth to reconcile mankind to God - has basically been preached in all the world. But too many times, it has been changed from what was first presented to that world into a "watered down," diluted, and polluted version of the original Great Truth. This book discusses most - if not all - of the important doctrines of Christianity, including such things as the virgin birth of Jesus, the resurrection, sin, forgiveness, and what could be two opposites of God: God's Grace and God's Wrath. It is not the purpose of the author - nor is it the purpose of this book - to create more division within the Christian Church on earth (God knows there is enough of that) - but to aid in the thoughtful, responsible discussion of what we, as Christians, believe and why we believe what we do.

The authors' of this latest volume discuss recent advances in chemistry research. The chapters include discussions on a novel approach to developing a reliable optimised model for the estimation of PVT properties at various reservoir conditions; diverse dye removal technologies and recent progress in dye adsorption using activated carbon; the unique synthesis, properties and functions of mono- and di-nuclear ruthenium(II) aquo complexes; the detection of glycoproteins by widely used classical methods such as SDS-PAGE and Western blot; the predictability of the solubility of supercritical CO2 in ionic liquid; the impact of sucrose, stevia and xylitol on mechanical characteristics of gels prepared with different commercial chestnut flours; separated XRD analysis and non-linear optics for the interaction in composite materials of chiral cyanide bimetallic complexes and LiMnO2; and the oxidation of some sulphated macromolecules using various oxidising agents.