The last few years have borne witness to a remarkable diversity of formal methods, with applications to sequential and concurrent software, to real-time and reactive systems, and to hardware design. In that time, many theoretical problems have been tackled and solved, and many continue to be worked upon. Yet it is by the suitability of their industrial application and the extent of their usage that formal methods will ultimately be judged. This volume presents the proceedings of the first international symposium of Formal Methods Europe, FME'93. The symposium focuses on the application of industrial-strength formal methods. Authors address the difficulties of scaling their techniques up to industrial-sized problems, and their suitability in the workplace, and discuss techniques that are formal (that is, they have a mathematical basis) and that are industrially applicable. The volume has four parts: - Invited lectures, containing a lecture by Cliff B. Jones and a lecture by Antonio Cau and Willem-Paul de Roever; - Industrial usage reports, containing 6 reports; - Papers, containing 32 selected and refereedpapers; - Tool descriptions, containing 11 descriptions.

Not very long ago, the uninhibited use of mathematics in the development of software was regarded as something for academics alone. Today, there is moreand more interest from industry in formal methods based on mathematics. This interest has come from the success of a number of experiments on real industrial applications. Thus, there is not only a belief, but also evidence, that the study of computer programs as mathematical objects leads to more efficient methods for constructing them. The papers in this volume were presented at the Second International Conference on the Mathematics of Program Construction, held at St. Catherine's College, Oxford, June 29 - July 3, 1992. The conference was organized by the Oxford University Programming Research Group, and continued the theme set by the first - the use of crisp, clear mathematics in the discovery and design of algorithms. The second conference gives evidence of the ever-widening impact of precise mathematical methods in program development. There are papers applying mathematics not only to sequential programs but also to parallel and on-current applications, real-time and reactive systems, and to designs realised directly in hardware. The volume includes 5 invited papers and 19 contributed papers.