A rigorous but accessible introduction to the mathematical theory of the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations, this book provides self-contained proofs of some of the most significant results in the area, many of which can only be found in research papers. Highlights include the existence of global-in-time Leray-Hopf weak solutions and the local existence of strong solutions; the conditional local regularity results of Serrin and others; and the partial regularity results of Caffarelli, Kohn, and Nirenberg. Appendices provide background material and proofs of some 'standard results' that are hard to find in the literature. A substantial number of exercises are included, with full solutions given at the end of the book. As the only introductory text on the topic to treat all of the mainstream results in detail, this book is an ideal text for a graduate course of one or two semesters. It is also a useful resource for anyone working in mathematical fluid dynamics.

The rigorous mathematical theory of the Navier-Stokes and Euler equations has been a focus of intense activity in recent years. This volume, the product of a workshop in Venice in 2013, consolidates, surveys and further advances the study of these canonical equations. It consists of a number of reviews and a selection of more traditional research articles on topics that include classical solutions to the 2D Euler equation, modal dependency for the 3D Navier-Stokes equation, zero viscosity Boussinesq equations, global regularity and finite-time singularities, well-posedness for the diffusive Burgers equations, and probabilistic aspects of the Navier-Stokes equation. The result is an accessible summary of a wide range of active research topics written by leaders in their field, together with some exciting new results. The book serves both as a helpful overview for graduate students new to the area and as a useful resource for more established researchers.

The Euler and Navier-Stokes equations are the fundamental mathematical models of fluid mechanics, and their study remains central in the modern theory of partial differential equations. This volume of articles, derived from the workshop 'PDEs in Fluid Mechanics' held at the University of Warwick in 2016, serves to consolidate, survey and further advance research in this area. It contains reviews of recent progress and classical results, as well as cutting-edge research articles. Topics include Onsager's conjecture for energy conservation in the Euler equations, weak-strong uniqueness in fluid models and several chapters address the Navier-Stokes equations directly; in particular, a retelling of Leray's formative 1934 paper in modern mathematical language. The book also covers more general PDE methods with applications in fluid mechanics and beyond. This collection will serve as a helpful overview of current research for graduate students new to the area and for more established researchers.

This accessible research monograph investigates how 'finite-dimensional' sets can be embedded into finite-dimensional Euclidean spaces. The first part brings together a number of abstract embedding results, and provides a unified treatment of four definitions of dimension that arise in disparate fields: Lebesgue covering dimension (from classical 'dimension theory'), Hausdorff dimension (from geometric measure theory), upper box-counting dimension (from dynamical systems), and Assouad dimension (from the theory of metric spaces). These abstract embedding results are applied in the second part of the book to the finite-dimensional global attractors that arise in certain infinite-dimensional dynamical systems, deducing practical consequences from the existence of such attractors: a version of the Takens time-delay embedding theorem valid in spatially extended systems, and a result on parametrisation by point values. This book will appeal to all researchers with an interest in dimension theory, particularly those working in dynamical systems.

This book develops the theory of global attractors for a class of parabolic PDEs that includes reaction-diffusion equations and the Navier-Stokes equations, two examples that are treated in detail. A lengthy chapter on Sobolev spaces provides the framework that allows a rigorous treatment of existence and uniqueness of solutions for both linear time-independent problems (Poisson's equation) and the nonlinear evolution equations which generate the infinite-dimensional dynamical systemss of the title. Attention then switches to the global attractor, a finite-dimensional subset of the infinite-dimensional phase space which determines the asymptotic dynamics. In particular, the concluding chapters investigate in what sense the dynamics restricted to the attractor are themselves "finite-dimensional." The book is intended as a didactic text for first year graduates, and assumes only a basic knowledge of Banach and Hilbert spaces, and a working understanding of the Lebesgue integral.

This book develops the theory of global attractors for a class of parabolic PDEs that includes reaction-diffusion equations and the Navier-Stokes equations, two examples that are treated in detail. A lengthy chapter on Sobolev spaces provides the framework that allows a rigorous treatment of existence and uniqueness of solutions for both linear time-independent problems (Poisson's equation) and the nonlinear evolution equations which generate the infinite-dimensional dynamical systemss of the title. Attention then switches to the global attractor, a finite-dimensional subset of the infinite-dimensional phase space which determines the asymptotic dynamics. In particular, the concluding chapters investigate in what sense the dynamics restricted to the attractor are themselves "finite-dimensional." The book is intended as a didactic text for first year graduates, and assumes only a basic knowledge of Banach and Hilbert spaces, and a working understanding of the Lebesgue integral.

This accessible text covers key results in functional analysis that are essential for further study in the calculus of variations, analysis, dynamical systems, and the theory of partial differential equations. The treatment of Hilbert spaces covers the topics required to prove the Hilbert-Schmidt theorem, including orthonormal bases, the Riesz representation theorem, and the basics of spectral theory. The material on Banach spaces and their duals includes the Hahn-Banach theorem, the Krein-Milman theorem, and results based on the Baire category theorem, before culminating in a proof of sequential weak compactness in reflexive spaces. Arguments are presented in detail, and more than 200 fully-worked exercises are included to provide practice applying techniques and ideas beyond the major theorems. Familiarity with the basic theory of vector spaces and point-set topology is assumed, but knowledge of measure theory is not required, making this book ideal for upper undergraduate-level and beginning graduate-level courses.

This accessible text covers key results in functional analysis that are essential for further study in the calculus of variations, analysis, dynamical systems, and the theory of partial differential equations. The treatment of Hilbert spaces covers the topics required to prove the Hilbert-Schmidt theorem, including orthonormal bases, the Riesz representation theorem, and the basics of spectral theory. The material on Banach spaces and their duals includes the Hahn-Banach theorem, the Krein-Milman theorem, and results based on the Baire category theorem, before culminating in a proof of sequential weak compactness in reflexive spaces. Arguments are presented in detail, and more than 200 fully-worked exercises are included to provide practice applying techniques and ideas beyond the major theorems. Familiarity with the basic theory of vector spaces and point-set topology is assumed, but knowledge of measure theory is not required, making this book ideal for upper undergraduate-level and beginning graduate-level courses.

The rigorous mathematical theory of the equations of fluid dynamics has been a focus of intense activity in recent years. This volume is the product of a workshop held at the University of Warwick to consolidate, survey and further advance the subject. The Navier Stokes equations feature prominently: the reader will find new results concerning feedback stabilisation, stretching and folding, and decay in norm of solutions to these fundamental equations of fluid motion. Other topics covered include new models for turbulent energy cascade, existence and uniqueness results for complex fluids and certain interesting solutions of the SQG equation. The result is an accessible collection of survey articles and more traditional research papers that will serve both as a helpful overview for graduate students new to the area and as a useful resource for more established researchers.

Recent years have seen considerable research activity at the interface of mathematics and fluid mechanics, particularly partial differential equations. The 2007 workshop at the University of Warwick was organized to consolidate, survey and further advance the subject. This volume is an outgrowth of that workshop. It consists of a number of reviews and a selection of more traditional research articles. The result is an accessible summary of a wide range of active research topics written by leaders in their field, together with some exciting new results. The book serves as both a helpful overview for graduate students new to the area and a useful resource for more established researchers.

This introduction to ordinary differential and difference equations is suited not only for mathematicians but for scientists and engineers as well. Exact solutions methods and qualitative approaches are covered, and many illustrative examples are included. Matlab is used to generate graphical representations of solutions. Numerous exercises are featured and proved solutions are available for teachers.

This book collects together a unique set of articles dedicated to several fundamental aspects of the Navier-Stokes equations. As is well known, understanding the mathematical properties of these equations, along with their physical interpretation, constitutes one of the most challenging questions of applied mathematics. Indeed, the Navier-Stokes equations feature among the Clay Mathematics Institute's seven Millennium Prize Problems (existence of global in time, regular solutions corresponding to initial data of unrestricted magnitude). The text comprises three extensive contributions covering the following topics: (1) Operator-Valued H -calculus, R-boundedness, Fourier multipliers and maximal Lp-regularity theory for a large, abstract class of quasi-linear evolution problems with applications to Navier-Stokes equations and other fluid model equations; (2) Classical existence, uniqueness and regularity theorems of solutions to the Navier-Stokes initial-value problem, along with space-time partial regularity and investigation of the smoothness of the Lagrangean flow map; and (3) A complete mathematical theory of R-boundedness and maximal regularity with applications to free boundary problems for the Navier-Stokes equations with and without surface tension. Offering a general mathematical framework that could be used to study fluid problems and, more generally, a wide class of abstract evolution equations, this volume is aimed at graduate students and researchers who want to become acquainted with fundamental problems related to the Navier-Stokes equations.

Innovation in medical technology generates a remarkable supply of new drugs, devices, and diagnostics that improve health, reduce risks, and extend life. But these technologies are too often used on the wrong patient, in the wrong setting, or at an unaffordable price. The only way to moderate the growth in health care costs without undermining the dynamic of medical innovation is to improve the process of assessing, pricing, prescribing, and using new technologies. Purchasing Medical Innovation analyzes the contemporary revolution in the purchasing of health care technology, with a focus on the roles of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Medicare and private health insurers, physicians and hospitals, and consumers themselves. The FDA is more thoroughly assessing product performance under real-world conditions as well as in laboratory settings, accelerating the path to market for breakthroughs while imposing use controls on risky products. Insurers are improving their criteria for coverage and designing payment methods that reward efficiency in the selection of new treatments. Hospitals are aligning adoption of complex supplies and equipment more closely with physicians' preferences for the best treatment for their patients. Consumers are becoming more engaged and financially accountable for their health care choices. This book describes both the strengths and deficiencies of the current system of purchasing and highlights opportunities for buyers, sellers, and users to help improve the value of medical technology: better outcomes at lower cost.