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In the past decade, the field of trenchless technology has expanded
rapidly in products, equipment, and utilization. This expansion
would not have occurred without a strong increase ineconomic
incentives to the user. Because theoperating environment has
changed, trenchless technology is often the preferred alternative
to traditional methods of digging holes and installing conduits.
The infrastructure in which we live has become more congested and
has to beshared by several users. In addition, the cost of
restoring a road or landscaped area after construction may be
higher than the cost of installing the conduit. These factors add
to the need for trenchless technology-the ability to dig holes
without disturbing the surface. In some ways, trenchless technology
is a futuristic concept. Ruth Krauss in a
children'sbookofdefinitions wrote,"AHole...Is to Dig." But
thisstatement is not necessarily true. Today, a hole could be to
bore. Trenchless technology is not new. But it certainly has become
the buzzword of the construction industry and it appears that it
will have a growing impact in the way contractors, utilities, and
others install new facilities. Methods to bore horizontal holes
were practiced as early as the 18005, but this technology has
greatly changed. Today's tools include sophisticated drilling
methods, state-of the-art power systems, and electronic guidance
techniques. These tools can bore faster, safer, and more
accurately, and in many instances more economically, than open-cllt
methods. Technology has played an important role in these advances,
but economics has become the driving force in making these systems
popular.
In the past decade, the field of trenchless technology has expanded
rapidly in products, equipment, and utilization. This expansion
would not have occurred without a strong increase ineconomic
incentives to the user. Because theoperating environment has
changed, trenchless technology is often the preferred alternative
to traditional methods of digging holes and installing conduits.
The infrastructure in which we live has become more congested and
has to beshared by several users. In addition, the cost of
restoring a road or landscaped area after construction may be
higher than the cost of installing the conduit. These factors add
to the need for trenchless technology-the ability to dig holes
without disturbing the surface. In some ways, trenchless technology
is a futuristic concept. Ruth Krauss in a
children'sbookofdefinitions wrote,"AHole...Is to Dig." But
thisstatement is not necessarily true. Today, a hole could be to
bore. Trenchless technology is not new. But it certainly has become
the buzzword of the construction industry and it appears that it
will have a growing impact in the way contractors, utilities, and
others install new facilities. Methods to bore horizontal holes
were practiced as early as the 18005, but this technology has
greatly changed. Today's tools include sophisticated drilling
methods, state-of the-art power systems, and electronic guidance
techniques. These tools can bore faster, safer, and more
accurately, and in many instances more economically, than open-cllt
methods. Technology has played an important role in these advances,
but economics has become the driving force in making these systems
popular."
The years from 1928 to 1937 were the "Nanking decade" when the
Chinese Nationalist government strove to build a new China with
Western assistance. This was an interval of hope between the
turbulence of the warlord-ridden twenties and the eight-year war
with Japan that began in 1937. James Thomson explores the ways in
which Americans, both missionaries and foundation representatives,
tried to help the Chinese government and Chinese reformers
undertake a transformation of rural society. His is the first
in-depth study of these efforts to produce radical change and at
the same time avoid the chaos and violence of revolution. Despite
the conservatism of the right wing in the Kuomintang party
dictatorship, this Nanking decade saw many promising beginnings.
American missionaries-the largest group of Westerners in the
Chinese hinterland-often took the initiative locally, and some
rallied to support of China's first modern-minded government. They
assisted both in rural reconstruction programs and in efforts of at
ideological reform. Thomson analyzes the work of the National
Christian Council in an area of Kiangsi province recently recovered
from Communist rule. He also traces the deepening involvement of
missionaries and the Chinese Christian Church in the "New Life
Movement," sponsored by Chiang Kai-shek. Unhappily aware of the
sharpening polarization of Chinese politics, these American
reformers struggled in vain to steer clear of too close an
identification with the ruling party. Yet they found themselves
increasingly identified with the Nanking regime and their reform
efforts obstructed by its disinclination or inability to
revolutionize the Chinese countryside. In this way, American
reformers in Nationalist China were forerunners of subsequent
American attempts, under government sponsorship, to find a middle
path between revolution and reaction in other situations of
national upheaval. For this book, James Thomson has used hitherto
unexplored archives that document the participation of American
private citizens in the process of Chinese social, economic, and
political change.
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