Exploring the little-known history behind the legal doctrine of prior appropriation-"first in time is first in right"-used to apportion water resources in the western United States, this book focuses on the important case of Wyoming v. Colorado (1922). U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice Willis Van Devanter, a former Chief Justice of Wyoming, ruled in that state's favor, finding that prior appropriation applied across state lines-a controversial opinion influenced by cronyism. The dicta in the case, that the U.S. Government has no interest in state water allocation law, drove the balkanization of interstate water systems and resulted in the Colorado River Interstate Compact between Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and California. The exhaustive research that has gone into this book has uncovered the secret that Associate Justice Van Devanter had waited eleven years to publish his opinion in this important, but politically self-serving, case, at last finding a moment when his senior colleagues were sufficiently absent or incapacitated to either concur or dissent. Without the knowledge of his "brethren," save his "loyal friend" Taft, and without recusal, Van Devanter unilaterally delivered his sole opinion to the Clerk for publication on the last day of the Supreme Court's October 1921 Term.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Mathematical Software, ICMS 2018, held in South Bend, IN, USA, in July 2018.The 59 papers included in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The program of the 2018 meeting consisted of 20 topical sessions, each of which providing an overview of the challenges, achievements and progress in a subeld of mathematical software research, development and use.

This book constitutes the joint refereed proceedings of three international events, namely the 18th Symposium on the Integration of Symbolic Computation and Mechanized Reasoning, Calculemus 2011, the 10th International Conference on Mathematical Knowledge Management, MKM 2011, and a new track on Systems and Projects descriptions that span both the Calculemus and MKM topics, all held in Bertinoro, Italy, in July 2011. All 51 submissions passed through a rigorous review process. A total of 15 papers were submitted to Calculemus, of which 9 were accepted. Systems and Projects track 2011 there have been 12 papers selected out of 14 submissions while MKM 2011 received 22 submissions, of which 9 were accepted for presentation and publication. The events focused on the use of AI techniques within symbolic computation and the application of symbolic computation to AI problem solving; the combination of computer algebra systems and automated deduction systems; and mathematical knowledge management, respectively.

This is the sixth in a series of conference proceedings of international conferences on computer algebra held in Europe. All the preceding ones have also been published as Lecture Notes in Computer Science. They contain original research material not published elsewhere, and a few invited lectures summarising the state of the art. Computer algebra is the science of using computers to do algebraic calculations, rather than the purely arithmetic calculations which we all know computers can do. These calculations may be polynomial-like calculations - one thread of the conference was devoted to polynomial algorithms - or may relate to other areas of mathematics such as integration, the solution of differential equations, or geometry - a second thread was devoted to those topics. The calculations can be applied in a wide range of scientific and engineering subjects, and in branches of mathematics. Physics has benefitted especially from these calculations, and the proceedings contain many papers on this, and also papers on applications in computer aided design and robotics, to name but a few other applications. The third thread of the proceedings was devoted to these applications and to the computer algebra systems which perform these calculations.

This book constitutes the proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Mathematical Software, ICMS 2020, held in Braunschweig, Germany, in July 2020. The 48 papers included in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 58 submissions. The program of the 2020 meeting consisted of 20 topical sessions, each of which providing an overview of the challenges, achievements and progress in a environment of mathematical software research, development and use.

This book constitutes the joint refereed proceedings of Calculemus 2014, Digital Mathematics Libraries, DML 2014, Mathematical Knowledge Management, MKM 2014 and Systems and Projects, S&P 2014, held in Coimbra, Portugal, during July 7-11, 2014 as four tracks of CICM 2014, the Conferences on Intelligent Computer Mathematics. The 26 full papers and 9 Systems and Projects descriptions presented together with 5 invited talks were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 55 submissions. The Calculemus track of CICM examines the integration of symbolic computation and mechanized reasoning. The Digital Mathematics Libraries track - evolved from the DML workshop series - features math-aware technologies, standards, algorithms and processes towards the fulfillment of the dream of a global DML. The Mathematical Knowledge Management track of CICM is concerned with all aspects of managing mathematical knowledge in the informal, semi-formal and formal settings. The Systems and Projects track presents short descriptions of existing systems or on-going projects in the areas of all the other tracks of the conference.