This book, first published in 1967, is a comprehensive study of knight-errantry in Chinese history and literature from the fourth century BC to the twentieth century. After discussing the social and intellectual backgrounds of knight-errantry, it gives examples of historical knights and describes the development of the theme of knight-errantry in poetry, fiction and drama. Many biographies, anecdotes, poems and tales are translated in full, while long prose romances and dramatic works are summarized and discussed. As background to these, sketches of the developments of Chinese fiction and drama are provided. In a final chapter, comparisons are made between Chinese and European knights, and between Chinese and Western chivalric literature.

This book, first published in 1962, is a majestic survey of the whole structure of Chinese poetry. It is a critical introduction to the field as well as an exposition of Chinese views on the nature of poetry. It discusses the Chinese language as a poetic medium from various angles – visual, semantic, auditory, grammatical and conceptual. It also describes the bases of Chinese versification and the major verse forms, and offers interpretations of various schools of traditional Chinese criticisms of poetry. The author suggests a synthesis among the different schools and evolves a view of poetry from which critical standards for Chinese poetry can be derived. In applying these standards, he attempts a further synthesis – one between this mainly traditional Chinese view of poetry and the modern Western method of verbal analysis. Imagery, symbolism, allusions and other features of Chinese poetry are analysed critically.

This book, first published in 1967, is a comprehensive study of knight-errantry in Chinese history and literature from the fourth century BC to the twentieth century. After discussing the social and intellectual backgrounds of knight-errantry, it gives examples of historical knights and describes the development of the theme of knight-errantry in poetry, fiction and drama. Many biographies, anecdotes, poems and tales are translated in full, while long prose romances and dramatic works are summarized and discussed. As background to these, sketches of the developments of Chinese fiction and drama are provided. In a final chapter, comparisons are made between Chinese and European knights, and between Chinese and Western chivalric literature.

This book, first published in 1962, is a majestic survey of the whole structure of Chinese poetry. It is a critical introduction to the field as well as an exposition of Chinese views on the nature of poetry. It discusses the Chinese language as a poetic medium from various angles - visual, semantic, auditory, grammatical and conceptual. It also describes the bases of Chinese versification and the major verse forms, and offers interpretations of various schools of traditional Chinese criticisms of poetry. The author suggests a synthesis among the different schools and evolves a view of poetry from which critical standards for Chinese poetry can be derived. In applying these standards, he attempts a further synthesis - one between this mainly traditional Chinese view of poetry and the modern Western method of verbal analysis. Imagery, symbolism, allusions and other features of Chinese poetry are analysed critically.

In attempting to define a "poetics of paradox" from a traditional Chinese standpoint, James Liu explores through a comparative approach linguistic, textual, and interpretive problems of relevance to Western literary criticism. Liu's study evolves from a paradoxical view--originating from early Confucian and Daoist philosophical texts--that the less is "said" in poetry, the more is "meant." Such a view implied the existence of paradox in the very use of language and led traditional Chinese hermeneutics to a study of "metaparadox"--the use of language to explicate texts the meaning of which transcends language itself.

As Liu illustrates elements of traditional Chinese hermeneutics with examples of poetic and critical works, he makes comparisons with the works of such Western literary figures as Shakespeare, Mallarme, Pound, Ionesco, Derrida, and Shepard. The comparisons bring to light a crucial difference in conceptualization of language: Chinese critics, especially those influenced by Daoism and Buddhism, seem to have held a deitic view of language (language points to things), whereas Western critics seem to have thought of language as primarily mimetic (language represents things). Liu examines the consequences of these views, showing how both offer insights into the "meaning" of text and to what extent both have led to a "metaparadox of interpretation."

Originally published in 1988.

The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

In attempting to define a "poetics of paradox" from a traditional Chinese standpoint, James Liu explores through a comparative approach linguistic, textual, and interpretive problems of relevance to Western literary criticism. Liu's study evolves from a paradoxical view--originating from early Confucian and Daoist philosophical texts--that the less is "said" in poetry, the more is "meant." Such a view implied the existence of paradox in the very use of language and led traditional Chinese hermeneutics to a study of "metaparadox"--the use of language to explicate texts the meaning of which transcends language itself. As Liu illustrates elements of traditional Chinese hermeneutics with examples of poetic and critical works, he makes comparisons with the works of such Western literary figures as Shakespeare, Mallarme, Pound, Ionesco, Derrida, and Shepard. The comparisons bring to light a crucial difference in conceptualization of language: Chinese critics, especially those influenced by Daoism and Buddhism, seem to have held a deitic view of language (language points to things), whereas Western critics seem to have thought of language as primarily mimetic (language represents things). Liu examines the consequences of these views, showing how both offer insights into the "meaning" of text and to what extent both have led to a "metaparadox of interpretation." Originally published in 1988. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

The tz'u, or lyric, reached its full maturity in China during the eleventh century and the first quarter of the twelfth. Until now this important poetic genre has been little known to English readers, and James J. Y. Liu's book is the first to deal systematically and critically with it. He does so by examining the work of six representative poets of the period. The poems are analyzed in terms of their "exploration of worlds," by which the author means the poet's probing of the natural world and the human world in which he lives, as well as of his own mind. This leads into a discussion of the poet's "exploration of language," his incessant effort to embody the worlds he explores in complex verbal structures and to realize the potentialities of the Chinese language as a medium of poetic expression. Preceding the general discussion of each lyricist's poetry are examples of the work of each in four forms: first in the original Chinese text, then in a romanization, next in a word-for-word translation, and finally in an idiomatic translation. Each poem is accompanied by a metrical diagram, explanatory notes, and a critical commentary. Attention is focused on poetic qualities and features such as diction, imagery, syntax, and prosody. Originally published in 1974. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

The tz'u, or lyric, reached its full maturity in China during the eleventh century and the first quarter of the twelfth. Until now this important poetic genre has been little known to English readers, and James J. Y. Liu's book is the first to deal systematically and critically with it. He does so by examining the work of six representative poets of the period. The poems are analyzed in terms of their "exploration of worlds," by which the author means the poet's probing of the natural world and the human world in which he lives, as well as of his own mind. This leads into a discussion of the poet's "exploration of language," his incessant effort to embody the worlds he explores in complex verbal structures and to realize the potentialities of the Chinese language as a medium of poetic expression. Preceding the general discussion of each lyricist's poetry are examples of the work of each in four forms: first in the original Chinese text, then in a romanization, next in a word-for-word translation, and finally in an idiomatic translation. Each poem is accompanied by a metrical diagram, explanatory notes, and a critical commentary. Attention is focused on poetic qualities and features such as diction, imagery, syntax, and prosody. Originally published in 1974. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

This concise introduction to Chinese poetry serves as a primer for English-speakers eager to expand their understanding and enjoyment of Chinese culture. James J. Y. Liu first examines the Chinese language as a medium of poetic expression and, contrary to the usual focus on the visual qualities of Chinese script, emphasizes the auditory effects of Chinese verse. He provides a succinct survey of Chinese poetry theory and concludes with his own view of poetry, based upon traditional Chinese concepts.
"[This] books should be read by all those interested in Chinese poetry."--Achilles Fang, "Poetry"
"[This is] a significant contribution to the understanding and appreciation of Chinese poetry, lucidly presented in a way that will attract a wide audience, and offering an original synthesis of Chinese and Western views that will stimulate and inspire students of poetry everywhere."--Hans H. Frankel, "Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies"
"This is a book which can be recommended without reservation to anyone who wants to explore the world of Chinese poetry in translation."--James R. Hightower, "Journal of Asian Studies"