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Deep-sea manganese nodules, once an obscure scientific curios ity,
have, in the brief span of two decades, become a potential mineral
resource of major importance. Nodules that cover the sea floor of
the tropical North Pacific may represent a vast ore de posit of
manganese, nickel, cobalt, and copper. Modern technology has
apparently surmounted the incredible problem of recovering nodules
in water depths of 5000 meters and the extraction of metals from
the complex chemical nodule matrix is a reality. Both the recovery
and the extraction appear to be economically feasible. Exploitation
of this resource is, however, hindered more by the lack of an
international legal structure allowing for recognition of mining
sites and exploitation rights, than by any other factor. Often,
when a mineral deposit becomes identified as an ex ploitable
resource, scientific study burgeons. Interest in the nature and
genesis of the deposit increases and much is learned from large
scale exploration. The case is self evident for petrol eum and ore
deposits on land. The study of manganese nodules is just now
entering this phase. What was the esoteric field of a few
scientists has become the subject of active exploration and
research by most of the industrialized nations. Unfortunately for
our general understanding of manganese nodules, exploration results
remain largely proprietary. However, scientific study has greatly
increased and the results are becoming widely available."
Volume II of the International Criminal Law Practitioner Library
series focuses on the core categories of international crimes:
crimes against humanity, genocide, and war crimes. The authors
present a comprehensive and critical review of the law on the
elements of these crimes and their underlying offences, and examine
how they interact with the forms of responsibility discussed in
Volume I. They also consider the effect of the focus in early ICTY
and ICTR proceedings on relatively low-level accused for the
development of legal definitions that are sometimes ill-suited for
leadership cases, where the accused had little or no physical
involvement in the crimes. The book's main focus is the
jurisprudence of the ad hoc Tribunals, but the approaches of the
ICC and the various hybrid tribunals are also given significant
attention. The relevant jurisprudence up to 1 December 2007 has
been surveyed, making this a highly useful and timely work.
A comprehensive and invaluable reference work for practitioners,
academics, and students of international criminal law, this series
critically examines a complex and important legal area. Volume I
considers the criminal responsibility of individuals for the
commission of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide;
Volume II focuses on these core international crimes and discusses
their interaction with the forms of responsibility; and Volume III
provides an evaluation of international criminal procedure and the
rules and practices designed to ensure effective investigations and
fair trials.
Volume I of the International Criminal Law Practitioner Library
series focuses on the law of individual criminal responsibility
applied in international criminal law, providing a thorough review
of the forms of criminal responsibility. The authors present a
critical analysis of the elements of individual criminal
responsibility as set out in the statutory instruments of the
international and hybrid criminal courts and tribunals and their
jurisprudence. All elements are discussed, demystifying and
untangling some of the confusion in the jurisprudence and
literature on the forms of responsibility. The jurisprudence of the
ICTY and the ICTR is the main focus of the book. Every trial and
appeal judgement, as well as relevant interlocutory jurisprudence,
up to 1 December 2006, has been surveyed, as has the relevant
jurisprudence of other tribunals and the provisions in the legal
instruments of the ICC, making this a highly relevant work.
A comprehensive and invaluable reference work for practitioners,
academics and students of international criminal law, this series
critically examines a complex and important legal area. Volume I
considers the criminal responsibility of individuals for the
commission of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide;
Volume II focuses on these core international crimes and discusses
their interaction with the forms of responsibility; and Volume III
provides an evaluation of international criminal procedure and the
rules and practices designed to ensure effective investigations and
fair trials.
The book offers An introduction to international law's approaches
to holding individuals accountable for human rights atrocities,
exploring whether human rights abusers can and should be brought to
justice.
The authors examine how, in the years since the Nuremberg trials,
states have created international norms holding abusers
accountable, tried such people domestically and internationally for
their crimes, and established other, non-criminal forms of
accountability. These include trials in domestic courts and
international tribunals such as the UN's Yugoslavia and Rwanda
tribunals and the International Criminal Court, as well as
nonprosecutorial mechanisms including civil suits, truth
commissions, and immigration measures. The authors appraise the
state of the law and its mechanisms, including analysis of the
principal crimes (such as genocide and crimes against humanity) and
discuss the opportunities for and challenges to further steps aimed
at accountability.
This fully updated new edition also explores individual
accountability for terrorist acts and accountability for acts
undertaken in the name of counter-terrorism policy, and provides
expanded coverage of aggression and crimes against peace.
Volume II of the International Criminal Law Practitioner Library
series focuses on the core categories of international crimes:
crimes against humanity, genocide, and war crimes. The authors
present a comprehensive and critical review of the law on the
elements of these crimes and their underlying offences, and examine
how they interact with the forms of responsibility discussed in
Volume I. They also consider the effect of the focus in early ICTY
and ICTR proceedings on relatively low-level accused for the
development of legal definitions that are sometimes ill-suited for
leadership cases, where the accused had little or no physical
involvement in the crimes. The book's main focus is the
jurisprudence of the ad hoc Tribunals, but the approaches of the
ICC and the various hybrid tribunals are also given significant
attention. The relevant jurisprudence up to 1 December 2007 has
been surveyed, making this a highly useful and timely work.
Volume I of the International Criminal Law Practitioner Library
series focuses on the law of individual criminal responsibility
applied in international criminal law, providing a thorough review
of the forms of criminal responsibility. The authors present a
critical analysis of the elements of individual criminal
responsibility as set out in the statutory instruments of the
international and hybrid criminal courts and tribunals and their
jurisprudence. All elements are discussed, demystifying and
untangling some of the confusion in the jurisprudence and
literature on the forms of responsibility. The jurisprudence of the
ICTY and the ICTR is the main focus of the book. Every trial and
appeal judgement, as well as relevant interlocutory jurisprudence,
up to 1 December 2006, has been surveyed, as has the relevant
jurisprudence of other tribunals and the provisions in the legal
instruments of the ICC, making this a highly relevant and timely
work.
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