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As former Director of Research and a founding member of the
Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund, Jacques J.
Polak has advised theoreticians and policymakers worldwide. This
collection brings together his most current writings, and is
published under the auspices of the IMF. The hallmark of Dr.
Polak's recent research has been his ability to draw on decades of
personal experience and reflection to comprehend and describe the
context for current policy debates. In the past decade, he has
contributed much to the debates on international financial policy
and the role of the IMF, and this volume brings together most of
these recent papers to make them accessible to a broader audience.
The life of a major figure in twentieth-century economic history
whose impact has long been clouded by dubious allegations "Harry
Dexter White has always been the mystery man at the center of
America's international economic policy in the 1930s and 1940s.
James Boughton helps demystify him in this rich, enlightening, and
most interesting volume."-Douglas Irwin, author of Clashing over
Commerce: A History of U.S. Trade Policy Although Harry Dexter
White (1892-1948) was arguably the most important U.S. government
economist of the twentieth century, he is remembered more for
having been accused of being a Soviet agent. During the Second
World War, he became chief advisor on international financial
policy to Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau, a role that
would take him to Bretton Woods, where he would make a lasting
impact on the architecture of postwar international finance.
However, charges of espionage, followed by his dramatic testimony
before the House Un-American Activities Committee and death from a
heart attack a few days later, obscured his importance in setting
the terms for the modern global economy. In this book, James
Boughton rehabilitates White, delving into his life and work and
returning him to a central role as the architect of the world's
financial system.
This pamphlet is an adapted and updated version of the prologue to
Tearing Down Walls: The International Monetary Fund 1990-1999 , by
the same author. That book examines a tumultuous decade in which
the IMF faced difficult challenges and took on new and expanded
roles. Among these were assisting countries that had long operated
under central planning to manage transitions toward market
economies, helping countries in financial crisis after sudden loss
of support from private financial markets, adapting surveillance to
reflect the growing acceptance of international standards for
economic and financial policies, helping low-income countries grow
and begin to eradicate poverty while staying within its mandate as
a monetary institution, and providing adequate financial assistance
to members in an age of limited official resources.
This volume - the fifth in a series of histories of the
International Monetary Fund - examines the 1990s, a tumultuous
decade in which the IMF faced difficult challenges and took on new
and expanded roles. Among these were assisting countries that had
long operated under central planning to manage transitions toward
market economies, helping countries in financial crisis after
sudden loss of support from private financial markets, adapting
surveillance to reflect the growing acceptance of international
standards for economic and financial policies, helping low-income
countries grow and begin to eradicate poverty while staying within
its mandate as a monetary institution, and providing adequate
financial assistance to members in an age of limited official
resources. The IMF's successes and setbacks in facing these
challenges provide valuable lessons for an uncertain future.
This book provides an assessment of the role of the International
Monetary Fund in poor countries. In recent years, a large portion
of the work of the IMF has focused on the economies of low-income
countries by aiming to create conditions conducive to poverty
reduction and stable economic growth. More than two fifths of the
IMF's 185 members are low-income countries and many others have
substantial pockets of poverty in their populations. Since economic
development and the reduction of poverty are the most important
economic challenges that these countries face, how can the IMF best
help them? How can the imperative of macroeconomic and financial
stability be reconciled with the requirements for sustained
economic growth? This volume brings together the research of
leading economists, political scientists, and historians to suggest
ways for the IMF to address these issues effectively
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