The frequency of diabetic patients taking proper foot care is highly insufficient. Proper Foot care practices are associated with provision of education of foot care and literacy status of patients. Most of diabetic patients are not provided with foot care educations and they are not offered regular foot examinations including patients with high risk feet. Frequencies of high risk behaviors are high. These malpractices are affecting the feet of diabetic patients. Our findings support, foot care education and regular foot examination as strategies for prevention of foot ulcers. Preventive practices must be reinforced so that patients without foot ulcers should not develop ulcers. Our study also high lights the need to increase foot care education along with proper diabetic foot clinics.

The determinants of the obesity lie within the home and school environment and the overall sociocultural phenomena. Children are spending an alarmingly large part of their daily time on sedentary activities, mostly on television. Having minimal physical activity opportunities both at school and home and easier access to energy rich fast foods are the major determinants of obesity. All the stakeholders in the society; government, education and health authorities, city planners and managers, transport, religious leaders and policy makers at the national and local level must realize that the childhood obesity has become a serious problem in Pakistani society. A major responsibility falls on the parents who have to provide the children healthiest possible environment available in the area. This is also true in terms of helping the children avail any opportunity to play and preventing the children from eating unhealthy high calorie-poor nutrition foods. Further studies are required to see the effects of exposure to other factors in addition to physical activity.

This book draws conclusion on the increasingly high burden of overweight and obesity among the children in a developing country setting. Obesity prevalence is found to be highest among the boys, children belonging to the middle income families and those in the younger age groups. The determinants of the obesity exist within the home and school environment. Children are spending an alarmingly large part of their daily time on sedentary activities, mostly on television. Having minimal physical activity opportunities both at school and home and easier access to energy rich fast foods are found to be the major determinants of obesity. Children who are poor in sports and those who want to loose weight were very obese indicating that there is an unmet need as far as sports opportunities is concerned. The consumption of fruits is associated with protection against obesity a factor that emphasizes towards healthier eating in daily life.

Health information system in Pakistan is poorly designed and collecting incomplete, inaccurate, untimely and unrelated data, which does not help in decision making for planning and management purposes. Study was a retrospective descriptive based on the data recorded in District HMIS cell and monthly reports of 34 health facilities on priority disease and other related health events and also observes the various steps, components and the application of HMIS in disease reporting. Data was collected through a format of questionnaire and was processed by hand sorting techniques, calculator and statistical program for social sciences (SPSS) version 16. The findings of the result showed that only 34 health facilities out of 72 are reporting and 38 not reporting. In 77% of health facilities had trained personnel in HMIS reporting, hence 62% reports received were found to be accurate. 62% reports were not submitted in time. About 85% reports were analyzed and interpret and 79% of the cases action was taken. Improper maintaining record, lack of interest and cooperation of doctors, inadequate staffing, poor supervision, were the factors affecting reporting.

We investigated the knowledge and perception about HIV/AIDS among the University students of Dhaka city in Bangladesh. A total number of 162 respondents participated in the study. Data were collected prospectively from different public and private Universities of Dhaka city in Bangladesh. The study showed that every respondent heard about HIV/AIDS and their main source of knowledge about HIV/AIDS was from media (72%). Among the respondents, 64% regularly donated blood and few of them (38%) were careful during blood donation. 95% of the respondents (who were drug abusers) did not share injections or needles for taking drugs of abuse. 97% of the respondents did not exchanged sex for drugs or money; however, 25% had physical relation with their sex partners and among them, only 24% used condoms while 57% knew about the use of condom. Only 27% of the respondents knew about HIV test centers. 90% thought that HIV/AIDS education will increase awareness about HIV/AIDS. 35% of the respondents were familiar with condom vendor machines and 28% of the respondents did not support for condom vendor machines to be installed in public places in Bangladesh.