One women's journey of menopause and vaginal atrophy. Written in collaboration with her daughter in a `tongue in cheek' way to help break taboos of vaginal atrophy. This book is informative, serious, tear-jerking and guaranteed to make you laugh. Through this book you'll learn the hidden secrets of menopause aimed to help you during your own experiences, informing women, men and health professionals of all ages. "An amazing piece of work. It made me smile and cry at the same time and really feel every woman on the planet needs to read it" - Dr Louise Newson. "If you have a vagina, know or love somebody with a vagina, you need to read this." Diane Danzebrink, The Menopause Counsellor "This extraordinary, outstanding book is refreshingly candid and one of a kind. It is the sort of book you will buy extra copies of, to give to your daughters, your sisters and your friends." Julie Bennett, Educational Author "I love the book and already have patients and friends in mind that I can recommend it to." Fiona Mitchell, Women's Health Physiotherapist "I would recommend it to everyone." Amanda Tozer, Consultant Gynaecologist "Absolutely love it! Such an honest and informative read, smashing the taboo surrounding the conversation about our vaginas." Sam Evans, Sexual Health Expert

Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

Combining paid work with caring for children has become more difficult for families as women's working hours have increased. Over the past decade the issue of work-family balance has reached a more prominent place on the policy agenda of many Western European countries. However the preoccupations of governments have been largely instrumental, focusing particularly on the goal of increasing female employment rates in order to achieve greater competitiveness and economic growth, and also in many countries on raising fertility rates and promoting children's early learning. This important book looks at the three main components of work-family policy packages - childcare services, flexible working patterns and entitlements to leave from work in order to care - across EU15 Member States, with comparative reference to the US. It also provides an in-depth examination of developments in the UK. Variations in national priorities, policy instruments, established policy orientations and the context for policy making in terms of employment patterns, fertility behaviour and attitudes towards work and care are highlighted. Gender inequalities in the division of paid and unpaid work underpin the whole issue of work-family balance. But what constitutes gender equality in this crucial policy field? Jane Lewis argues that in spite of growing political emphasis on the importance of 'choice', a 'real' choice to engage in either or both the socially necessary activities of paid and unpaid work has remained elusive. Work-Family Balance, Gender and Policy is essential reading for students and scholars who wish to understand the complex challenges facing families and family policy and the opportunities for the future.

This thoroughly documented book provides an overview of social policies affecting women in Germany, Italy, Denmark, Britain, Ireland, Norway, France and Sweden. The central theme is the relationship between paid and unpaid work, something very few European governments have been prepared explicitly to address as a social issue and which has yet to enter the European Commission's agenda.Contributors discuss the literature on women and welfare in their particular country concerned and outline the developments in social policies relating to women and the position of women in regard to reproductive and labour market behaviour in the post-War period. The essays analyse the assumptions behind policies affecting women's family and work lives and discuss specific legislative approaches to securing 'equality'. A concluding chapter discusses the European Community's contribution to the goal of equal opportunities for both men and women. The main aim of the book is to provide students with a source of easily accessible information about a major issue in social policy: the relationship between women, the family and employment.

First published in 1987. This volume traces the arguments of early suffragists through the last three decades of the nineteenth century. Includes the texts of the House of Commons Debate on the 1871 Disabilities Bill, 1982 Women's Franchise Bill and key documents by those who were opposed to women's suffrage

The story of welfare politics in Britain has usually been told in terms of a simple shift from individualism to collectivism and ever increasing amounts of state intervention. The Voluntary Sector, the State and Social Work in Britain offers a different perspective which shows that Britain has always had a mixed economy of welfare with the voluntary sector playing a major role. This book traces the ideas and practice of one of the most influential voluntary organisations, the Charity Organisation Society, which became the Family Welfare Association in 1946. It examines the meaning of voluntary personal social service, which became social work, and the nature of the shifting balance in social provision between the voluntary and statutory sectors from the late nineteenth to the twentieth century. By taking a long view, this volume highlights the important shift in the meaning of 'partnership' between the state and voluntary sectors from the 'separate spheres' philosophy of the late nineteenth century to the more complementary, supplementary relationship of the mid-twentieth century, and finally to the pressure now being exerted on voluntary organisations to become alternative providers of social services. Through the history of the Family Welfare Association, the book traces the development of social work from voluntary work, which was seen as integral to ideas about social theory and social change, to professional practice which was forced to seek new relationships with the state and voluntary sector. As well as presenting a substantial history of a very significant charitable organisation, this important book analyses the nature of welfare provision over time and provides an in depth treatment of the development of principles and concepts relevant to current debates.

The nature of the relationship between children, parents and the state has been central to the growth of the modern welfare state and has long been a problem for western liberal democracies. Welfare states have undergone profound restructuring over the past two decades and families also have changed, in terms of their form and the nature of the contributions that men and women make to them. More attention is being paid to children by policymakers, but often because of their importance as future 'citizen workers'. The book explores the implications of changes to the welfare state for children in a range of countries. Children, Changing Families and Welfare States: * examines the implications of social policies for children * sets the discussion in the broader context of both family change and welfare state change, exploring the nature of the policy debate that has allowed the welfare of the child to come to the fore * tackles policies to do with both the care and financial support of children * looks at the household level and how children fare when both adult men and women must seek to combine paid and unpaid work, and what support is offered by welfare states * endeavours to provide a comparative perspective on these issues. The contributors have written a book that will be warmly welcomed by scholars and researchers of social policy, social work and sociology and students at both the advanced undergraduate and post-graduate level.

An important contribution to the current literature on gender and social politics, this book challenges mainstream thinking on welfare states, citizenship, family, work, and social policy. Contested Concepts in Gender and Social Politics analyses the corresponding shifts in political discourse, and the changes in socio-political configurations that mirror changing gender relations.The discussion is both international and interdisciplinary, and focuses on topics that include citizenship, social exclusion and inclusion, care, social capital and representation, amongst others. The contributors examine these issues in relation to current policy debates and consider how they are embedded in particular European intellectual traditions. They also explore how feminist scholarship has engaged with these issues, and assess how these contested concepts can improve understanding both of the position of women and of gender relations more broadly. This is the first major transnational attempt to address the conceptual basis for current work in the field of social policy and social politics from both a feminist and genuinely comparative viewpoint. As such it will be invaluable to undergraduate and graduate students of social policy, politics and sociology.

The modern day sees fewer marriages than before, and cohabitation is a major driver of family change. Jane Lewis questions whether this is - as many commentators argue and fear - a sign of ever-increasing individualism. Just as the order in which sex, marriage, cohabitation and childbirth occur can no longer be assumed, nor can the pattern of contributions that men and women make to the household. The End of Marriage? explores both the way in which the old rules have been eroded and what happens as a result. While there may certainly be something of a vacuum, Jane Lewis suggests that in some quarters at least this is being filled by increased negotiation at the household level. This questions the idea that individualism is necessarily selfish and destructive, which in turn raises issues regarding the regulation of the family, an increasingly delicate task for policymakers. The book reviews the debate surrounding the causes of family change, and suggests that the 'cultural variable' has been neglected, and that it is important to look at changes in normative expectations as well as in behaviour. Historical analysis is used to track changes in the major prescriptive frameworks of family law and the male breadwinner model. Contemporary qualitative research is also drawn upon in order to explore relationships in married and cohabiting households. This outstanding volume will fascinate a wide audience, including those interested in sociology and social policy, socio-legal studies and social history

All the practice you need for a top score in the Cambridge English A2 Key qualification. With the realistic test papers and helpful advice in Collins Practice Tests for A2 Key (KET), you will feel confident and fully prepared for what to expect on the day of the test. It contains: 8 complete practice tests, fully updated for the revised 2020 exam specification Answer keys and model answers Additional practice by topic - more sample questions to help you prepare for the Speaking paper Downloadable audio and audio scripts for the Listening and Speaking papers Visual materials for the Speaking paper, plus model answers A mini-dictionary of difficult words from the tests, taken from our COBUILD dictionaries With Collins Practice Tests for A2 Key, students will know what to expect from the real test: Material and layout has been carefully prepared to replicate the real test Introduction contains a full guide to the different sections of the test, along with tips and practical advice on how to revise and prepare for the test Sample answer sheets from Cambridge English are included Suitable for Elementary or Pre-intermediate students (CEF level A1-A2) preparing to take the Cambridge English A2 Key (KET) qualification.

First published in 1989, The Goals of Social Policy is an invaluable text that will give students an admirable introduction to the central concerns of the study of social policy. It asks what have been the traditional concerns of social policy as a subject of academic study, and what its context should be in the changed political environment of twenty-first century. Three issues receive close attention for their future implications: social policy and the family (focusing on gender), social policy and community (including race and public order issues) and social policy and the economy. Retrospective chapters examine the relationship between social policy and social research, social theory and social work. The book will appeal particularly to students of social policy, social work, sociology and political science, as well as to those in applied fields such as criminology, health studies, education and women's studies with interests in social policy. It will also appeal to the general reader interested in keeping abreast of the latest thinking about social policy.

This thoroughly documented book provides an overview of social policies affecting women in Germany, Italy, Denmark, Britain, Ireland, Norway, France and Sweden. The central theme is the relationship between paid and unpaid work, something very few European governments have been prepared explicitly to address as a social issue and which has yet to enter the European Commission's agenda.Contributors discuss the literature on women and welfare in their particular country concerned and outline the developments in social policies relating to women and the position of women in regard to reproductive and labour market behaviour in the post-War period. The essays analyse the assumptions behind policies affecting women's family and work lives and discuss specific legislative approaches to securing 'equality'. A concluding chapter discusses the European Community's contribution to the goal of equal opportunities for both men and women. The main aim of the book is to provide students with a source of easily accessible information about a major issue in social policy: the relationship between women, the family and employment.

Inspire a love of reading with stories that are written from a child’s perspective and will encourage children to discover the world around them. With audio and activities, Peapod Readers are the perfect start to a child’s journey into learning English. Jad and Ziggy find an animal. What is it? Includes: Before and after reading activities Picture dictionary Exam practice for Cambridge Pre A1 Starters Reading guide online

All the practice you need for a top score in the Cambridge English A2 Key for Schools qualification. With the realistic test papers and helpful advice in Collins Practice Tests for A2 Key for Schools (KET for Schools), you will feel confident and fully prepared for what to expect on the day of the test. It contains: 8 complete practice tests, fully updated for the revised 2020 exam specification Answer keys and model answers Additional practice by topic - more sample questions to help you prepare for the Speaking paper Downloadable audio and audio scripts for the Listening and Speaking papers Visual materials for the Speaking paper, plus model answers A mini-dictionary of difficult words from the tests, taken from our COBUILD dictionaries With Collins Practice Tests for A2 Key for Schools, students will know what to expect from the real test: Material and layout has been carefully prepared to replicate the real test Introduction contains a full guide to the different sections of the test, along with tips and practical advice on how to revise and prepare for the test Sample answer sheets from Cambridge English are included Suitable for Elementary or Pre-intermediate students (CEF level A1-A2) preparing to take the Cambridge English A2 Key (KET) qualification.

Governments have had a longstanding interest in family forms and the behaviour of family members, although their goals and instruments have differed over time and across countries. This timely collection brings together seminal contributions focusing on a number of important topics relating to this field. This research review focuses on the origins and social foundations of family policies, their main actors and drivers; together with consideration of crucial concepts and themes, including gender, intergenerational obligations and care and also deals with the various areas and goals addressed by family policies and their diversity across countries: the politics of reproduction; support for children, policies to reconcile paid work and family obligations; parenthood policies; patterns of care policies and domestic violence. This important title will be of immense value to those working in the field of families and family policies and will be an excellent source of reference to both students and academics.

First published in 1987. This volume traces the arguments of early suffragists through the last three decades of the nineteenth century. Includes the texts of the House of Commons Debate on the 1871 Disabilities Bill, 1982 Women's Franchise Bill and key documents by those who were opposed to women's suffrage

Published in 1998. Social provision in all European countries has faced increasing scrutiny during the 1990s. Focusing on gendered aspects of welfare state restructuring, each contributor examines the way in which the welfare state of his or her country has been restructed over the past decade, concentrating on services for elderly people and for children. Each chapter outlines the shifts in the mixed economy of welfare and describes the degree to which there has been greater decentralization moves towards a different style of public management or the introduction of market principles. The changes in the provision of services for elderly people and children is described for the same period. Finally, women's position as paid providers of services, as unpaid carers and as recipients of services is analyzed. This book investigates the idea that the move towards "marketization" in many countries is having a disproportionately detrimental effect on women whose leverage on the market tends to be weak.

The nature of the relationship between children, parents and the state has been central to the growth of the modern welfare state and has long been a problem for western liberal democracies. Welfare states have undergone profound restructuring over the past two decades and families also have changed, in terms of their form and the nature of the contributions that men and women make to them. More attention is being paid to children by policymakers, but often because of their importance as future 'citizen workers'. The book explores the implications of changes to the welfare state for children in a range of countries. Children, Changing Families and Welfare States: * examines the implications of social policies for children * sets the discussion in the broader context of both family change and welfare state change, exploring the nature of the policy debate that has allowed the welfare of the child to come to the fore * tackles policies to do with both the care and financial support of children * looks at the household level and how children fare when both adult men and women must seek to combine paid and unpaid work, and what support is offered by welfare states * endeavours to provide a comparative perspective on these issues. The contributors have written a book that will be warmly welcomed by scholars and researchers of social policy, social work and sociology and students at both the advanced undergraduate and post-graduate level.

Published in 1998. Social provision in all European countries has faced increasing scrutiny during the 1990s. Focusing on gendered aspects of welfare state restructuring, each contributor examines the way in which the welfare state of his or her country has been restructed over the past decade, concentrating on services for elderly people and for children. Each chapter outlines the shifts in the mixed economy of welfare and describes the degree to which there has been greater decentralization moves towards a different style of public management or the introduction of market principles. The changes in the provision of services for elderly people and children is described for the same period. Finally, women's position as paid providers of services, as unpaid carers and as recipients of services is analyzed. This book investigates the idea that the move towards "marketization" in many countries is having a disproportionately detrimental effect on women whose leverage on the market tends to be weak.

Drawing an unfavourable contrast between the position of students and graduates with that of their baby boomer parents has become a staple for media comment. Indeed, student indebtedness and difficulties in finding graduate jobs and housing typically contrasts markedly with their parents' experiences. Broadening the investigation, 'Helicopter Parenting' and 'Boomerang Children' depicts how students and graduates are now likely to be close to their parents, receive considerable financial and emotional support from them and, upon graduation, return home. Using qualitative data from two interview studies of middle-class families, this title explores the impact of these changes on young people's transition to independence and adulthood and on intergenerational and intragenerational equality. This enlightening monograph will appeal to undergraduate and postgraduate students interested in fields such as Social Policy, Family Sociology and Education.

Combining paid work with caring for children has become more difficult for families as women's working hours have increased. Over the past decade the issue of work-family balance has reached a more prominent place on the policy agenda of many Western European countries. However the preoccupations of governments have been largely instrumental, focusing particularly on the goal of increasing female employment rates in order to achieve greater competitiveness and economic growth, and also in many countries on raising fertility rates and promoting children's early learning. This important book looks at the three main components of work-family policy packages - childcare services, flexible working patterns and entitlements to leave from work in order to care - across EU15 Member States, with comparative reference to the US. It also provides an in-depth examination of developments in the UK. Variations in national priorities, policy instruments, established policy orientations and the context for policy making in terms of employment patterns, fertility behaviour and attitudes towards work and care are highlighted. Gender inequalities in the division of paid and unpaid work underpin the whole issue of work-family balance. But what constitutes gender equality in this crucial policy field? Jane Lewis argues that in spite of growing political emphasis on the importance of 'choice', a 'real' choice to engage in either or both the socially necessary activities of paid and unpaid work has remained elusive. Work-Family Balance, Gender and Policy is essential reading for students and scholars who wish to understand the complex challenges facing families and family policy and the opportunities for the future.

Acting as titans in global control of the biosphere and colonizing virtually all corners of the earth, algae, extremely diverse and numerous oxygenic, photosynthetic organisms, can be major players in and drivers of environmental change. For hundreds of years, since their evolutionary origins by endosymbiosis, when a protozoan enslaved a cyanobacterium, fascinated scientists strove to uncover the mysteries of their diversity, interactions, taxonomy, and classification. Today, new molecular tools and technologies like chromatography and genetic fingerprinting reveal the innermost secrets of algal ancestry and phylogeny and open new possibilities to answering age-old questions.

Unravelling the algae: the past, present, and future of algal systematics brings together the most respected minds in the field to review the state-of-the-science and assess the impact of molecular tools on the taxonomy of algal groups. Emphasizing that a range of traditional and molecular approaches are required, along with other techniques such as transmission electron microscopy, to support full interpretation of the data, the book discusses the extent to which these tools broaden our understanding of the immense diversity of algae and revolutionize ideas of taxonomy and classification. Divided into three parts, the book introduces the very latest ideas on the evolution of algae and the concept of classification and illustrates contrasting viewpoints. The second section addresses systematics and covers virtually all algal groups ranging from microalgae to ultraplankton with individual chapters devoted to each. The final section explores the impact of genomics on algal systematics and concludes with adiscussion of future directions for research.

As the most up-to-date, authoritative source for classifying algae, this bookprovides unparalleled access to the encyclopedic information revealed by the use of the latest in molecular tools.

Inspire a love of reading with stories that are written from a child’s perspective and will encourage children to discover the world around them. With audio and activities, Peapod Readers are the perfect start to a child’s journey into learning English. Let's find out how paper is made! Includes: Before and after reading activities Picture dictionary Exam practice for Cambridge Pre A1 Starters, working towards A1 Movers Reading guide online

Acting as titans in global control of the biosphere and colonizing virtually all corners of the earth, algae, extremely diverse and numerous oxygenic, photosynthetic organisms, can be major players in and drivers of environmental change. For hundreds of years, since their evolutionary origins by endosymbiosis, when a protozoan enslaved a cyanobacterium, fascinated scientists strove to uncover the mysteries of their diversity, interactions, taxonomy, and classification. Today, new molecular tools and technologies like chromatography and genetic fingerprinting reveal the innermost secrets of algal ancestry and phylogeny and open new possibilities to answering age-old questions. Unravelling the algae: the past, present, and future of algal systematics brings together the most respected minds in the field to review the state-of-the-science and assess the impact of molecular tools on the taxonomy of algal groups. Emphasizing that a range of traditional and molecular approaches are required, along with other techniques such as transmission electron microscopy, to support full interpretation of the data, the book discusses the extent to which these tools broaden our understanding of the immense diversity of algae and revolutionize ideas of taxonomy and classification. Divided into three parts, the book introduces the very latest ideas on the evolution of algae and the concept of classification and illustrates contrasting viewpoints. The second section addresses systematics and covers virtually all algal groups ranging from microalgae to ultraplankton with individual chapters devoted to each. The final section explores the impact of genomics on algal systematics and concludes with a discussion of future directions for research. As the most up-to-date, authoritative source for classifying algae, this bookprovides unparalleled access to the encyclopedic information revealed by the use of the latest in molecular tools.