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This comprehensive volume investigates the dynamics of mobilization
and demobilization of social networks before, during, and after
episodes of political turbulence in the Middle East region,
focusing particularly on the 2011 Arab uprisings. The authors
consider important questions regarding agency, strategic action,
and institutional outcomes that have significance for social
mobilization, social movements, and authoritarian governance. This
collection proposes an interactive perspective linking up
contentious politics with routine governance through a dynamic
articulation of repertoires of contention. The authors use a
micro-mobilization perspective to frame the different trajectories
of protest networks in times of uncertainty. They place the
interactions between grassroots activists, structured
organizations, and state actors at the centre of the explanation of
change and stability in the recent mobilizations of the region. By
starting with descriptions of interactions at the grassroots level,
the authors then explain macro level dynamics between networks and
other players, including the state. This book was originally
published as a special issue of the journal Social Movement
Studies.
This comprehensive volume investigates the dynamics of mobilization
and demobilization of social networks before, during, and after
episodes of political turbulence in the Middle East region,
focusing particularly on the 2011 Arab uprisings. The authors
consider important questions regarding agency, strategic action,
and institutional outcomes that have significance for social
mobilization, social movements, and authoritarian governance. This
collection proposes an interactive perspective linking up
contentious politics with routine governance through a dynamic
articulation of repertoires of contention. The authors use a
micro-mobilization perspective to frame the different trajectories
of protest networks in times of uncertainty. They place the
interactions between grassroots activists, structured
organizations, and state actors at the centre of the explanation of
change and stability in the recent mobilizations of the region. By
starting with descriptions of interactions at the grassroots level,
the authors then explain macro level dynamics between networks and
other players, including the state. This book was originally
published as a special issue of the journal Social Movement
Studies.
In recent years, authoritarian states in the Middle East and North
Africa have faced increasing international pressure to decentralize
political power. Decentralization is presented as a panacea that
will foster good governance and civil society, helping citizens
procure basic services and fight corruption. Two of these states,
Jordan and Morocco, are monarchies with elected parliaments and
recent experiences of liberalization. Morocco began devolving
certain responsibilities to municipal councils decades ago, while
Jordan has consistently followed a path of greater centralization.
Their experiences test such assumptions about the benefits of
localism. Janine A. Clark examines why Morocco decentralized while
Jordan did not and evaluates the impact of their divergent paths,
ultimately explaining how authoritarian regimes can use
decentralization reforms to consolidate power. Local Politics in
Jordan and Morocco argues that decentralization is a tactic
authoritarian regimes employ based on their coalition strategies to
expand their base of support and strengthen patron-client ties.
Clark analyzes the opportunities that decentralization presents to
local actors to pursue their interests and lays out how
municipal-level figures find ways to use reforms to their
advantage. In Morocco, decentralization has resulted not in greater
political inclusivity or improved services, but rather in the
entrenchment of pro-regime elites in power. The main Islamist
political party has also taken advantage of these reforms. In
Jordan, decentralization would undermine the networks that benefit
elites and their supporters. Based on extensive fieldwork, Local
Politics in Jordan and Morocco is an important contribution to
Middle East studies and political science that challenges our
understanding of authoritarian regimes' survival strategies and
resilience.
Throughout the Middle East, Islamist charities and social
welfare organizations play a major role in addressing the
socioeconomic needs of Muslim societies, independently of the
state. Through case studies of Islamic medical clinics in Egypt,
the Islamic Center Charity Society in Jordan, and the Islah Women s
Charitable Society in Yemen, Janine A. Clark examines the structure
and dynamics of moderate Islamic institutions and their social and
political impact. Questioning the widespread assumption that such
organizations primarily serve the poorer classes, Clark argues that
these organizations in fact are run by and for the middle class.
Rather than the vertical recruitment or mobilization of the poor
that they are often presumed to promote, Islamic social
institutions play an important role in strengthening social
networks that bind middle-class professionals, volunteers, and
clients. Ties of solidarity that develop along these horizontal
lines foster the development of new social networks and the
diffusion of new ideas."
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