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Calf mortality rate in 2007 in Peshawar (Pakistan) was 17.98% (Khan
et al., 2007). Major causes of mortality of neonatal calves were
the conditions like diarrhea and pneumonia (Khan et al., 2009,
Shimizu and Nagatoma 1978). The neonatal calf mortality in the
first month of age is more than 80% of the total mortality in
calves (Jenny et al., 1981). Mortality in calves was found due to
the conditions e.g. Feeding practices, managemental practices,
weather conditions, bacterial and viral infections especially those
causing septicemia, diarrhea and enteritis (Blood et al., 1994).The
etiology of neonatal calf diarrhea involves a variety of
infectious, nutritional, immunological and environmental factors.
Many of the infectious agents have been isolated and identified
from the feces and tissues of diarrheic calves but the relative
importance of each one has not been established. Recently,
infections of individual calves and herds with multiple
enteropathogens have been described (Acres et al 1977; Moren
M.1974; Brown et al 1973).
Gastrointestinal parasites are affecting the animals including the
wildlife. The major consequence of the parasites is that they cause
a large number of morbidity and mortality of the animals and same
was the case with deer. Deer were being highly infested by the
endo-parasites and having diverse effects in their health. By doing
different experimental trails we can reduce the burden of the
helminths. Different anthelminthics can help in reducing the
parasitic load and make the animal heather. By introducing a proper
and regular de-worming progam, i.e after every three months, the
problems by the endo-parasites can be reduced. Lesser the helminths
are, greater the animal feel.
The dog is globally recognized as the man's first domesticated
animal because of its fidelity, loyalty, obedience and pleasant
disposition. Since the beginning of human civilization, they have
been bred and selected for different purposes like guards, sports
and reserve of wounded humans. Helminthes are classified into
tapeworms (cestodes), roundworm and trematodes (flukes).
Helminthiasis is one of the most important animal diseases
worldwide, resulting great production and health losses in animals.
Among the dogs, roundworms are active in the intestines of puppies,
often causing a pot-bellied appearance and poor growth. The worms
may be seen in vomit or stool; a severe infestation can cause death
by intestinal blockage.
The dog amongst all the animals has proved to be the man's best
friend and faithful companion because of its fidelity, loyalty,
obedience and pleasant disposition. Dogs appeared on the earth
about 20 million years ago (Sharma et al., 1993). The dog's stomach
is a sac-like structure designed to store large volumes of food and
begin the digestive process. Once eaten, most food leaves the
stomach within twelve hours after entering. The esophagus carries
food to the stomach, where it enters via a valve-like structure
called the cardiac sphincter. On the interior surface of the
stomach is a series of folds called gastric folds. These folds
function to help grind and digest food. The inner stomach lining
secretes acids and enzymes to break food down as the initial step
in the digestive process. Once the initial stomach digestive
process is complete, the partially digested food exits the stomach
through the pyloric sphincter area and then enters the duodenum
(small intestine).
Livestock has a great significance in the development of economic
conditions of a country. In Pakistan the share of Livestock sector
is approximately 53.2 percent in the agriculture value and 11.4
percent in national GDP during 2009-10. While other development
sector experienced saturation and decline, there is trend in
increase of livestock population in 2009-10. Total number of
buffaloes and cattle is 30.8 and 34.3 millions respectively in
Pakistan (Anonymous, 2009-10). The number of buffaloes and cattle
is 14.4 and 17.8 millions respectively in Punjab province
(Anonymous, 2006). Punjab is a home of highly specialized
tropical/subtropical buffaloes and cattle breeds. Those animals
suffer from a number of diseases. Ketosis is one of them, define as
metabolic disorder and it is managmental influenced cows disease
during the early lactation period.
Contribution of livestock is about % of agriculture value and 11.4
% to the national GDP ith a total number of animals of million.In
Pakistan the trend of extensive farming is common and has open
grazing in the feild. Most of the farmers have up to 6 number of
animals while sixteen percent farmers have more than 6 nimals.
Gastrointestinal parasites are very common in sheep because of
their open grazing and watering habbits. Parasites cause the
economic losses and considered one of the most common infections.
Mastitis is the inflammation of the parenchyma of mammary glands;
it is characterized by a range of physical and chemical changes in
the glandular tissues. It is an important disease of cattle and
buffaloes. In Pakistan, during the year 2005-06, Cattle population
was 25.5 millions, while buffalo's population was 28.4 million.
Within the livestock sector, milk is the largest and the single
most important commodity. Despite decades of neglect, Pakistan is
the fifth largest milk producer in the world (Anonymous, 2006).
Production of high-quality milk is a high-priority issue for dairy
farmers and milk processors. The investigation of mastitis problems
on dairy farms is an area of increasing demand and is an ideal way
for veterinary practitioners to increase involvement in production
medicine programs (Ruegg, 2003). The prevalence of mastitis was
significantly higher in the early lactation stage than in the
mid-lactation stage, in cows with lesions and/or tick infestation
on skin of udder and/or teats than in cows without this factor, and
in the wet season than in the dry season. Mastitis increased with
parity number (Dego and Tareke, 2003).
Poultry industry is an important portion of the livestock sector
contributing in the national economy and the current status of
Pakistan poultry industry is about Rs. 100 billion. There are about
25,000 poultry farms in the country. Poultry sector generates
employment & income for about twelve hundred thousand people.
Its growth rate is 10- 12% annually. Pakistan is producing 10,000
million table eggs & 750 thousand metric tons chicken meat
annually. The per capita consumption of meat is 7 kg & 60-65
eggs annually (Anonymous, 2008) but unfortunately so many threats
& fatal diseases i.e. bacterial, viral, fungal & parasitic
diseases are still disturbing the industry. Among parasitic
diseases, coccidiosis is one of the most important hazard. It is
the disease of poultry caused by an obligate microscopic protozoan
parasite, which belongs to the genus Eimeria (phylum Apicomplexa).
Seven Eimeria species have been recognized infecting chicken: E.
acervulina, E. maxima, E. tenella, E. brunette, E. necatrix, E.
mitis & E. praecox.
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