This book contains well-researched (literature review/field surveys) and personal experience on the origin and adaptation of Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris), the only large carnivore species inhabiting the mangrove forests across the world. The Bengal tiger population in this mangrove habitat is isolated from other mainland populations and exhibits certain distinctive morphological adaptations. Unlike the mainlanders, these islanders are much smaller (suggesting insular dwarfism), more muscular with leaner frame and lesser body mass (±100 kg). The stress factor associated with changes in their natural habitat and the availability of the smaller prey species is often related to such phenomenon. Apart from the long-stretch swimming, the tiger has adapted to changed food habits and become omnivore. Loss and degradation of the mangrove habitat has caused severe decline of the tiger population. Tiger conservation within and beyond the protected areas is based on the ethical issues- “biodiversity, aesthetic values and integrity” as well as management of the mangrove ecosystem challenged by development works and anthropogenic activities. A published book highlighting the updated information on the migratory behaviour, morphological and behavioural adaptations of the Bengal tiger in the mangrove eco-system is not readily available. This monograph is ideal for researchers, postgraduate and graduate students in zoology, botany, ecology and conservation. This comprehensive treatise will also serve professionals, such as foresters, environmentalists, conservationists, resource managers, planners, government agencies, academic institutions, NGOs and naturalists.

In 1864 in India, the British Raj established the Imperial Forest Department. Social forestry got a major boost in the early 1980s, initiating a new approach to deal with the problem of biotic interference on forest land. A great change was made in forest and forestry management for the protection and development of forests, where Forest Protection Committees (FPCs) were formed by villagers, following the Arabari Model Community forest experiment in West Bengal, for usufruct rights and revenue sharing, which is unique in the history of forest management in the world. Ethics of Biodiversity Conservation takes a unique longitudinal view of this important forestry management case study. Today, increasing human population, growing industrialization, pollution, and climate change, creates the challenge of determining ways and means of ensuring that biodiversity conservation is an integral part of forest management.

This book brings together 45 years' worth of experience-derived information about more than 7,000 micro- and macro- species, which form the unique bio-diversity of the world's largest mangrove ecosystem, as it struggles against the natural and anthropogenic threats. Up to 1770, the estimated area of Sundarbans was around 36,000 km2, but has reduced over time to 25,000 km2, due to reclamation. This loss and the related degradation of habitats has caused historical species extinction and population decline. Whereas biodiversity conservation within and beyond the protected areas has been the watchword since the 1990s ("biodiversity, aesthetic values and integrity"), the initial two hundred years of imperial and post-colonial forest management focused primarily on revenue and production forestry, to the detriment of the ecology of the area. It will be of interest to researchers, in zoology, botany, ecology and conservation, as well as professionals, such as foresters, environmentalists, conservationists, resource managers, planners, government agencies, academic institutions, NGOs and naturalists.