Since the early 1970s, observers have noted that complying with environmental regulations might be a significant new factor in determining the locations of industries involved in world trade. Two related hypotheses have been offered to explain how environmental regulations are altering international comparative advantage in industrial production: first, that stringent regulations push industries out of the United States and other advanced industrial nations (the 'industrial flight' hypothesis); second, that less developed countries compete to attract multinational industries by minimizing their own regulations (the 'pollution haven' hypothesis). This 1988 study examines the validity of the industrial-flight and pollution-haven hypotheses within a broad political and economic framework of theories purporting to explain international trade and investment.

Since the early 1970s, observers have noted that complying with environmental regulations might be a significant new factor in determining the locations of industries involved in world trade. Two related hypotheses have been offered to explain how environmental regulations are altering international comparative advantage in industrial production: first, that stringent regulations push industries out of the United States and other advanced industrial nations (the 'industrial flight' hypothesis); second, that less developed countries compete to attract multinational industries by minimizing their own regulations (the 'pollution haven' hypothesis). This 1988 study examines the validity of the industrial-flight and pollution-haven hypotheses within a broad political and economic framework of theories purporting to explain international trade and investment.

In this issue of Neurosurgery Clinics, guest editors Drs. David D. Limbrick and Jeffrey Leonard bring their considerable expertise to Chiari I Malformation. Top experts in the field cover key topics such as comorbidities associated with Chiari I malformation; orthostatic intolerance and Chiari I malformation; clinical manifestations of Chiari I malformation; imaging in Chiari I malformation; posterior fossa decompression for Chiari I malformation; and more. Contains 21 relevant, practice-oriented topics sociodemographics of Chiari I malformation; Chiari I malformation and sleep disordered breathing; complex Chiari: diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment; new insights into craniovertebral junction instability in Chiari I malformation; spine deformity associated with Chiari I malformation and syringomyelia; and more. Provides in-depth clinical reviews on Chiari I malformation, offering actionable insights for clinical practice. Presents the latest information on this timely, focused topic under the leadership of experienced editors in the field. Authors synthesize and distill the latest research and practice guidelines to create clinically significant, topic-based reviews.

This issue will cover chiari malformation in both children and adult populations. In the past, it was estimated that the condition occurs in about one in every 1,000 births. However, the increased use of diagnostic imaging has shown that CM may be much more common. Complicating this estimation is the fact that some children who are born with the condition may not show symptoms until adolescence or adulthood, if at all. CMs occur more often in women than in men and Type II malformations are more prevalent in certain groups, including people of Celtic descent.