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Politics, Violence, Memory highlights important new social
scientific research on the Holocaust and initiates the integration
of the Holocaust into mainstream social scientific research in a
way that will be useful both for social scientists and historians.
Until recently social scientists largely ignored the Holocaust
despite the centrality of these tragic events to many of their own
concepts and theories. In Politics, Violence, Memory the editors
bring together contributions to understanding the Holocaust from a
variety of disciplines, including political science, sociology,
demography, and public health. The chapters examine the sources and
measurement of antisemitism; explanations for collaboration,
rescue, and survival; competing accounts of neighbor-on-neighbor
violence; and the legacies of the Holocaust in contemporary Europe.
Politics, Violence, Memory brings new data to bear on these
important concerns and shows how older data can be deployed in new
ways to understand the "index case" of violence in the modern
world.
Yellow Star, Red Star asks why Holocaust memory continues to be so
deeply troubled—ignored, appropriated, and
obfuscated—throughout Eastern Europe, even though it was in those
lands that most of the extermination campaign occurred. As part of
accession to the European Union, Jelena Subotić shows, East
European states were required to adopt, participate in, and
contribute to the established Western narrative of the Holocaust.
This requirement created anxiety and resentment in post-communist
states: Holocaust memory replaced communist terror as the dominant
narrative in Eastern Europe, focusing instead on predominantly
Jewish suffering in World War II. Influencing the European Union's
own memory politics and legislation in the process, post-communist
states have attempted to reconcile these two memories by pursuing
new strategies of Holocaust remembrance. The memory, symbols, and
imagery of the Holocaust have been appropriated to represent crimes
of communism. Yellow Star, Red Star presents in-depth accounts of
Holocaust remembrance practices in Serbia, Croatia, and Lithuania,
and extends the discussion to other East European states. The book
demonstrates how countries of the region used Holocaust remembrance
as a political strategy to resolve their contemporary "ontological
insecurities"—insecurities about their identities, about their
international status, and about their relationships with other
international actors. As Subotić concludes, Holocaust memory in
Eastern Europe has never been about the Holocaust or about the
desire to remember the past, whether during communism or in its
aftermath. Rather, it has been about managing national identities
in a precarious and uncertain world.
What is the appropriate political response to mass atrocity? In
Hijacked Justice, Jelena Subotic traces the design, implementation,
and political outcomes of institutions established to deal with the
legacies of violence in the aftermath of the Yugoslav wars. She
finds that international efforts to establish accountability for
war crimes in the former Yugoslavia have been used to pursue very
different local political goals.Responding to international
pressures, Serbia, Croatia, and Bosnia have implemented various
mechanisms of "transitional justice"—the systematic addressing of
past crimes after conflicts end. Transitional justice in the three
countries, however, was guided by ulterior political motives: to
get rid of domestic political opponents, to obtain international
financial aid, or to gain admission to the European Union. Subotic
argues that when transitional justice becomes "hijacked" for such
local political strategies, it fosters domestic backlash, deepens
political instability, and even creates alternative, politicized
versions of history. That war crimes trials (such as those in The
Hague) and truth commissions (as in South Africa) are necessary and
desirable has become a staple belief among those concerned with
reconstructing societies after conflict. States are now expected to
deal with their violent legacies in an institutional setting rather
than through blanket amnesty or victor's justice. This new
expectation, however, has produced paradoxical results. In order to
avoid the pitfalls of hijacked justice, Subotic argues, the
international community should focus on broader and deeper social
transformation of postconflict societies, instead on emphasizing
only arrests of war crimes suspects.
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