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A major work of Latin literature, Tristia 2 is a verse letter
addressed by the exiled poet Ovid to the man who banished him from
Rome, the emperor Augustus. Ovid apologizes to Augustus for the
misdemeanours that led to his banishment, but, more importantly,
defends both his life and his poetry in light of the accusation
that his earlier Ars amatoria (The Art of Love) had promoted
adultery. Jennifer Ingleheart's commentary, the most up-to-date and
comprehensive one available, is an invaluable guide to all aspects
of the poem - textual, literary, historical, and political - while
her Introduction explores, among other topics, its ironical and
subversive aspects.
Banished by the emperor Augustus in AD 8 from Rome to the far-off
shores of Romania, the poet Ovid stands at the head of the Western
tradition of exiled authors. In his Tristia (Sad Things) and
Epistulae ex Ponto (Letters from the Black Sea), Ovid records his
unhappy experience of political, cultural, and linguistic
displacement from his homeland.
Two Thousand Years of Solitude: Exile After Ovid is an
interdisciplinary study of the impact of Ovid's banishment upon
later Western literature, exploring responses to Ovid's portrait of
his life in exile. For a huge variety of writers throughout the
world in the two millennia after his exile, Ovid has performed the
role of archetypal exile, allowing them to articulate a range of
experiences of disgrace, dislocation, and alienation; and to
explore exile from a number of perspectives, including both the
personal and the fictional.
Much has been written about the contribution of ancient Greece to
modern discourses of homosexuality, but Rome's significant role has
been largely overlooked. Ancient Rome and the Construction of
Modern Homosexual Identities explores the contested history of
responses to Roman antiquity, covering areas such as literature,
the visual arts, popular culture, scholarship, and pornography.
Essays by scholars working across a number of disciplines analyse
the demonization of Rome and attempts to write it out of the
history of homosexuality by early activists such as John Addington
Symonds, who believed that Rome had corrupted ideal (and idealized)
'Greek love' through its decadence and sexual licentiousness. The
volume's contributors also investigate the identification with Rome
by men and women who have sought an alternative ancestry for their
desires. The volume asks what it means to look to Rome instead of
Greece, theorizes the way in which Rome itself appropriates Greece,
and explores the consequences of such appropriations and
identifications, both ancient and modern. From learned discussions
of lesbian cunnilingus in Renaissance commentaries on Martial and
Juvenal, to disgust at the sexual excesses of the emperors, to the
use of Rome by the early sexologists, to modern pornographic films
that linger on the bodies of gladiators and slaves, Rome has been
central to homosexual desires and experiences. By interrogating the
desires that create engagements with the classical past, the volume
illuminates both classical reception and the history of sexuality.
The Classics were core to the curriculum and ethos of the intensely
homosocial Victorian and Edwardian public schools, yet ancient
homosexuality and erotic pedagogy were problematic to the
educational establishment, which expurgated classical texts with
sexual content. This volume analyses the intimate and uncomfortable
nexus between the Classics, sex, and education primarily through
the figure of the schoolmaster Philip Gillespie Bainbrigge
(1890-1918), whose clandestine writings not only explore homoerotic
desires but also offer insightful comments on Classical education.
Now a marginalized figure, Bainbrigge's surviving works - a verse
drama entitled Achilles in Scyros featuring a cross-dressing
Achilles and a Chorus of lesbian schoolgirls, and a Latin dialogue
between schoolboys - vividly demonstrate the queer potential of
Classics and are marked by a celebration of the pleasures of sex
and a refusal to apologize for homoerotic desire. Reprinted here in
their entirety, they are accompanied by chapters setting them in
their social and literary context, including their parallels with
the writings of Bainbrigge's contemporaries and near
contemporaries, such as John Addington Symonds, E. M. Forster, and
A. E. Housman. What emerges is a provocative new perspective on the
history of sexuality and the place of the Classics within that
history, which demonstrates that a highly queer version of Classics
was possible in private contexts.
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