This book presents and discusses the state of the art and future perspectives in mathematical modeling and homogenization techniques with the focus on addressing key physiological issues in the context of multiphase healthy and malignant biological materials. The highly interdisciplinary content brings together contributions from scientists with complementary areas of expertise, such as pure and applied mathematicians, engineers, and biophysicists. The book also features the lecture notes from a half-day introductory course on asymptotic homogenization. These notes are suitable for undergraduate mathematics or physics students, while the other chapters are aimed at graduate students and researchers.

Nowadays there is an increasing emphasis on all aspects of adaptively gener ating a grid that evolves with the solution of a PDE. Another challenge is to develop efficient higher-order one-step integration methods which can handle very stiff equations and which allow us to accommodate a spatial grid in each time step without any specific difficulties. In this monograph a combination of both error-controlled grid refinement and one-step methods of Rosenbrock-type is presented. It is my intention to impart the beauty and complexity found in the theoretical investigation of the adaptive algorithm proposed here, in its realization and in solving non-trivial complex problems. I hope that this method will find many more interesting applications. Berlin-Dahlem, May 2000 Jens Lang Acknowledgements I have looked forward to writing this section since it is a pleasure for me to thank all friends who made this work possible and provided valuable input. I would like to express my gratitude to Peter Deuflhard for giving me the oppor tunity to work in the field of Scientific Computing. I have benefited immensly from his help to get the right perspectives, and from his continuous encourage ment and support over several years. He certainly will forgive me the use of Rosenbrock methods rather than extrapolation methods to integrate in time.

Water supply- and drainage systems and mixed water channel systems are networks whose high dynamic is determined and/or affected by consumer habits on drinking water on the one hand and by climate conditions, in particular rainfall, on the other hand. According to their size, water networks consist of hundreds or thousands of system elements. Moreover, different types of decisions (continuous and discrete) have to be taken in the water management. The networks have to be optimized in terms of topology and operation by targeting a variety of criteria. Criteria may for example be economic, social or ecological ones and may compete with each other. The development of complex model systems and their use for deriving optimal decisions in water management is taking place at a rapid pace. Simulation and optimization methods originating in Operations Research have been used for several decades; usually with very limited direct cooperation with applied mathematics. The research presented here aims at bridging this gap, thereby opening up space for synergies and innovation. It is directly applicable for relevant practical problems and has been carried out in cooperation with utility and dumping companies, infrastructure providers and planning offices. A close and direct connection to the practice of water management has been established by involving application-oriented know-how from the field of civil engineering. On the mathematical side all necessary disciplines were involved, including mixed-integer optimization, multi-objective and facility location optimization, numerics for cross-linked dynamic transportation systems and optimization as well as control of hybrid systems. Most of the presented research has been supported by the joint project "Discret-continuous optimization of dynamic water systems" of the federal ministry of education and research (BMBF).

Envy is a vicious and shameful response to the good fortune of others, one that ruins friendships and plagues societies-or so the common thinking goes, shaped by millennia of religious and cultural condemnation. Envy's bad reputation is not completely unwarranted; envy can indeed motivate malicious and counterproductive behavior and may strain or even tear apart relations between people. However, that is not always the case. Investigating the complex nature of this emotion reveals that it plays important functions in social hierarchies and it can motivate one to self-improve and even to achieve moral virtue. Philosophers and psychologists in this volume explore envy's characteristics in different cultures, spanning from small hunter-gatherer communities to large industrialized countries, and contexts as diverse as academia, marketing, artificial intelligence, and Buddhism. They explore envy's role in both the personal and the political sphere, showing the many ways in which envy can either contribute or detract to our flourishing as individuals and as citizens of modern democracies.

Water supply- and drainage systems and mixed water channel systems are networks whose high dynamic is determined and/or affected by consumer habits on drinking water on the one hand and by climate conditions, in particular rainfall, on the other hand. According to their size, water networks consist of hundreds or thousands of system elements. Moreover, different types of decisions (continuous and discrete) have to be taken in the water management. The networks have to be optimized in terms of topology and operation by targeting a variety of criteria. Criteria may for example be economic, social or ecological ones and may compete with each other. The development of complex model systems and their use for deriving optimal decisions in water management is taking place at a rapid pace. Simulation and optimization methods originating in Operations Research have been used for several decades; usually with very limited direct cooperation with applied mathematics. The research presented here aims at bridging this gap, thereby opening up space for synergies and innovation. It is directly applicable for relevant practical problems and has been carried out in cooperation with utility and dumping companies, infrastructure providers and planning offices. A close and direct connection to the practice of water management has been established by involving application-oriented know-how from the field of civil engineering. On the mathematical side all necessary disciplines were involved, including mixed-integer optimization, multi-objective and facility location optimization, numerics for cross-linked dynamic transportation systems and optimization as well as control of hybrid systems. Most of the presented research has been supported by the joint project "Discret-continuous optimization of dynamic water systems" of the federal ministry of education and research (BMBF).

Nowadays there is an increasing emphasis on all aspects of adaptively gener ating a grid that evolves with the solution of a PDE. Another challenge is to develop efficient higher-order one-step integration methods which can handle very stiff equations and which allow us to accommodate a spatial grid in each time step without any specific difficulties. In this monograph a combination of both error-controlled grid refinement and one-step methods of Rosenbrock-type is presented. It is my intention to impart the beauty and complexity found in the theoretical investigation of the adaptive algorithm proposed here, in its realization and in solving non-trivial complex problems. I hope that this method will find many more interesting applications. Berlin-Dahlem, May 2000 Jens Lang Acknowledgements I have looked forward to writing this section since it is a pleasure for me to thank all friends who made this work possible and provided valuable input. I would like to express my gratitude to Peter Deuflhard for giving me the oppor tunity to work in the field of Scientific Computing. I have benefited immensly from his help to get the right perspectives, and from his continuous encourage ment and support over several years. He certainly will forgive me the use of Rosenbrock methods rather than extrapolation methods to integrate in time."

Collection of six Westerns. In 'Man in the Shadow' (1957) wealthy tyrant Virgil Renchler (Orson Welles) rules over cow town Spurline from his Golden Empire ranch. When his henchmen kill a young worker, Sheriff Ben Sadler (Jeff Chandler) investigates but meets resistance not only from those responsible but also from the local people who are afraid their town will suffer without Renchler's business. In 'Law and Order' (1953), after his attempts to bring peace to Tombstone prove futile due the townspeople's disregard for the justice system, Marshal Frame Johnson (Ronald Reagan) decides to move to Cottonwood along with his girlfriend Jeannie (Dorothy Malone) and his brothers Lute (Alex Nicol) and Jimmy (Russell Johnson). Johnson and his brothers build a ranch where he hopes to settle down but his wish for a peaceful life is dashed when he realises that the people of Cottonwood are just as corrupt as those he left behind. The local judge seeks his help to bring law and order to the town and though initially reluctant, Johnson finally accepts the challenge when his brothers are targeted by criminals. In 'Ride Clear of Diablo' (1954) corrupted lawyer Tom (William Pullen) and sheriff Fred (Paul Birch) steal stock from the O'Mara ranch, killing the owner and his young son in the process. When railroad surveyor Clay O'Mara (Audie Murphy) hears about the murder of his father and brother he returns home to seek out those responsible. Encouraged by Tom, Fred makes Clay his deputy, and while he plans to use his new status for the benefit of his investigation, the killers instead send him after gunslinger Whitey Kinkaid (Dan Duryea), hoping he will take Clay down. However, Clay deals with Kinkaid and sets out to capture the real culprits. 'The Great Northfield Minnesota Raid' (1972) is based on the real-life James-Younger gang of outlaws and their final bank robbery in September 1876. After being granted immunity by the state of Missouri, Jesse James (Robert Duvall) and Cole Younger (Cliff Robertson) plan one last raid with the First National Bank of Northfield as their target. However, the robbery does not go accordingly and the gang find themselves under fire from the local citizens. Will the outlaws escape with their freedom and their lives? In 'Border River' (1954), during the American Civil War, Major Clete Mattson (Joel McCrea) arrives at Mexican enclave Zona Libre, having stolen two millon dollars of Union money with which he plans to purchase firearms for the Confederacy. The tyrannical General Eduardo Calleja (Pedro Armendariz) who runs Zona Libre offers him a safe haven for a substantial fee. However, the general's girlfriend Carmelita (Yvonne De Carlo), who develops feelings for Mattson, warns him that Calleja can't be trusted... In 'Horizons West' (1952), after the Civil War, brothers Dan (Robert Ryan) and Neal Drummond (Rock Hudson) return home to their Texas ranch. While Neal is satisfied with the quiet life of running a small ranch, Dan is eager to expand the business and create an empire. When he has a run-in with the ruthless Cord Hardin (Raymond Burr), Dan ends up breaking the law in order to fulfil his desire for power. Meanwhile, Neal becomes a lawman and must hold Dan accountable for his crimes.