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Translation is at the centre of Christianity, scripturally, as
reflected in the biblical stories of the tower of Babel, or of the
apostles' speaking in tongues after the Ascension, and
historically, where arguments about it were dominant in Councils,
such as those of Trent or the Second Vatican Council of 1962-64,
which, it should be recalled, privileged the use of the vernacular
in liturgy. The four texts edited here discuss the legitimacy of
using the vernacular language for scriptural citation. This
question in England became central to the perception of the
followers of John Wyclif (sometimes known as Lollards): between
1409 and 1530 the use of English scriptures was severely impeded by
the established church, and an episcopal licence was required for
its possession or dissemination. The issue evidently aroused
academic interest, especially in Oxford, where the first complete
English translation seems to have originated. The three Latin works
here survive complete each in a single manuscript: of these texts
two, written by a Franciscan, William Butler, and by a Dominican,
Thomas Palmer, are wholly hostile to translation. The third, the
longest and most perceptive, edited here for the first time,
emerges as written by a secular priest of impressive learning,
Richard Ullerston; his other writings display his radical, but not
unorthodox opinions. The only English work here is a Wycliffite
adaptation of Ullerston's Latin. The volume provides editions and
modern translations of these four texts, together with a
substantial introduction explaining their context and the
implications of their arguments, and encouraging further
exploration of the perceptions of the nature of language that are
displayed there, many of which, and notably of Ullerston, are in
advance of those of his contemporaries.
Essays provide evidence for the vigour and involvement of religious
orders in the years immediately prior to the reformation. It
continues to be assumed in some quarters that England's monasteries
and mendicant convents fell into a headlong decline - pursuing high
living and low morals - long before Henry VIII set out to destroy
them at the Dissolution.The essays in this book add to the growing
body of scholarly enquiry which challenges this view. Drawing on
some of the most recent research by British and American scholars,
they offer a wide-ranging reassessment of the religiousorders on
the eve of the Reformation. They consider not only the condition of
their communities and the character of life within them, but also
their wider contribution - spiritual, intellectual and economic -
to English societyat large. What emerges is the impression that the
years leading up to the Dissolution were neither as dark nor as
difficult for the regular religious as many earlier histories have
led us to believe. It was a period of institutional and religious
reform, and, for the Benedictines at least, a period of marked
intellectual revival. Many religious houses also continued to enjoy
close relations with the lay communities living beyond their
precinct walls. Whiletheir role in the devotions of many ordinary
lay folk may have diminished, they still had a significant part to
play in the local economy, in education and in a wide range of
social and cultural activities. Contributors:JEREMY CATTO, JAMES G.
CLARK, GLYN COPPACK, CLAIRE CROSS, PETER CUNICH, VINCENT GILLESPIE,
JOAN GREATEX, BARBARA HARVEY, F. DONALD LOGAN, MARILYN OLIVA,
MICHAEL ROBSON, R.N. SWANSON, BENJAMIN THOMPSON.
Studies focusing on medieval lordship and education. The exercise
of lordship in England is examined in relation to personal and
tenurial dependence, estate management, and changing social and
economic conditions. There are papers on the formation of kingdoms
and national identitiesin early medieval Britain and Ireland, on
Anglo-Saxon lordship, and on lords and peasants in Byzantium. In
contributions on medieval education the institutions of late
medieval Oxford are reassessed; the provisions made for
theirarchives by medieval corporations, and the practical
importance of muniments explained; and, at the other end of the
spectrum, material from across western Europe is deployed to show
how images were used to convey non-verbal messages to the
non-literate. Contributors: MARGARET ASTON, TREVOR ASTON, PAUL
BRAND, JEREMY CATTO, T.M. CHARLES-EDWARDS, PETER COSS. RALPH EVANS,
ROSAMOND FAITH, I.M.W. HARVEY, P.D.A. HARVEY, JAMES
HOWARD-JOHNSTON, ERIC JOHN, N.E. STACY, MALCOLM UNDERWOOD.
The notion of service was ingrained in medieval culture, prominent
throughout the language and life of the time. The notion of service
was ingrained in medieval culture, and not just as a part of the
wider concept of patronage: it is prominent throughout the language
and life of the time. These studies examine the nature and
importance of service in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries in
a variety of contexts both within and beyond the dominions of the
English crown, including contracts between domestic servants and
employers, labour legislation, career opportunities for graduates,
the public service ethos embodied by the king's household retinue
and a scheme for its reform, public service in France, ducal
service in Brittany, and bastard feudalism in Scotland. ANNE CURRY
is Professor of History, University of Southampton; ELIZABETH
MATTHEW is honorary research fellow at the Department of History,
University of Reading. Contributors: JEREMY GOLDBERG, CHRISTOPHER
GIVEN-WILSON, MICHAEL JONES, ALEXANDER GRANT, VIRGINIA DAVIS,
JEREMY I. CATTO, D.A.L. MORGAN, KATHELEEN DALY, RALPH A. GRIFFITHS.
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