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People with catatonia suffer from rigid stupors and/or lashing
about excitedly. When the DSM-III (APA, 1987) was published,
catatonia was included only as a subtype of schizophrenia. However,
clinicians noticed that catatonic symptoms appeared in people who
were not schizophrenic. When the DSM-IV (APA, 1994) was published,
allowance was made for catatonia to be diagnosed as a result of a
mood disorder or medical condition. Despite these changes, the
precedent of diagnosing schizophrenia whenever catatonic symptoms
are exhibited remains prevalent. Some speculate that mental health
professionals are unaware that catatonia can exist apart from
schizophrenia, and such ignorance may lead to inappropriate
treatment. Catatonia has additionally been observed in people who
do not meet criteria for schizophrenia, a mood disorder, or a
general medical condition, suggesting that catatonia is a unique
syndrome. Despite this evidence, catatonia was not recognized as a
syndrome in the DSM-IV. Taylor & Fink (2003) argue for the
inclusion of catatonia as a distinct and separate syndrome. This
study attempted to assess the beliefs of mental health
professionals on the issue.
The Recording Industry Association of America claims to lose
millions of dollars each year from music piracy (RIAA, 2007).
Instead of causing loss, digital music piracy may activate norms of
reciprocity in individuals pirating. When pirating music, people
may feel some obligation to reciprocate by purchasing music or
related merchandise. The theory of planned behavior was used to
investigate such a possibility and to provide a framework for scale
development. Reliable scales were developed for all measured
constructs. Regarding piracy, the RIAA's claim may have some merit.
Specifically, previous piracy was associated with decreased
reported likelihood to purchase music. However, previous piracy may
make one more likely to make music-related purchases in the future.
Reciprocity partially mediates this relationship. It appears that,
at least to some degree, when the RIAA makes its contentions
against piracy, it spurns some of its own merchandise consumers.
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