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Tree sitters. Logger protests. Dying timber towns. An iconic
species on the brink. The Timber Wars consumed the Pacific
Northwest in the late 1980s and early1990s and led political
leaders to ask scientists for a solution. The Northwest Forest Plan
was the result. For most of the twentieth century, the central
theme of federal forest management in the Pacific Northwest had
been logging old-growth forests to provide a sustained yield of
timber. During the 1970s and 1980s, however, a series of studies by
young scientists highlighted the destructive impact of that logging
on northern spotted owls, salmon, and the old-growth ecosystem
itself. Combining this new science with newly minted environmental
laws like the Endangered Species Act, environmental activists
obtained court injunctions to stop old-growth logging on federal
land, setting off a titanic struggle in the Pacific Northwest to
find a way to accommodate conservation imperatives as well as the
logging that provided employment for tens of thousands of people.
That effort involved years of controversy and debate, federal
courts, five science assessments, Congress, and eventually the
president of the United States. It led to creation of the Northwest
Forest Plan, which sharply and abruptly shifted the primary goal of
federal forestry toward conserving the species and ecosystems of
old-growth forests. Scientists went from spectators to planners and
guides, employing their latest scientific findings and expertise to
create a forest plan for 20 million acres that would satisfy the
courts. The largest upheaval in federal forest management in
history had occurred, along with a precipitous decline in timber
harvest, and there was no going back. In this book, three of the
scientists who helped craft that change tell the story as they know
it: the causes, development, adoption, and implementation of the
Northwest Forest Plan. The book also incorporates personal
reflections from the authors, short commentaries and histories from
key figures— including spotted owl expert Eric Forsman—and
experiences from managers who implemented the Plan as best they
could. Legal expert Susan Jane M. Brown helped interpret court
cases and Debora Johnson turned spatial data into maps. The final
chapters cover the Plan’s ongoing significance and
recommendations for conserving forest and aquatic ecosystems in an
era of megafires and climate change.
While most efforts at biodiversity conservation have focused
primarily on protected areas and reserves, the unprotected lands
surrounding those areas-the "matrix"-are equally important to
preserving global biodiversity & maintaining forest health. In
Conserving Forest Biodiversity, leading forest scientists David B.
Lindenmayer and Jerry F. Franklin argue that the conservation of
forest biodiversity requires a comprehensive and multiscaled
approach that includes both reserve and nonreserve areas. They lay
the foundations for such a strategy, bringing together the
latestscientific information on landscape ecology, forestry,
conservation biology, and related disciplines as they examine: the
importance of the matrix in key areas of ecology such as
metapopulation dynamics, habitat fragmentation, and landscape
connectivity, general principles for matrix management, using
natural disturbance regimes to guide human disturbance,
landscape-level and stand-level elements of matrix management, the
role of adaptive management and monitoring, social dimensions and
tensions in implementing matrix-based forest management
In addition, they present five case studies that illustrate
aspects and elements of applied matrix management in forests. The
case studies cover a wide variety of conservation planning and
management issues from North America, South America, and Australia,
ranging from relatively intact forest ecosystems to an intensively
managed plantation.
Conserving Forest Biodiversity presents strategies for enhancing
matrix management that can play a vital role in the development of
more effectiveapproaches to maintaining forest biodiversity. It
examines the key issues and gives practical guidelines for
sustained forest management, highlighting the critical role of the
matrix for scientists, managers, decisionmakers, and other
stakeholders involved in efforts to sustain biodiversity and
ecosystem processes in forest landscapes.
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