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This book discusses the smooth integration of optical and RF
networks in 5G and beyond (5G+) heterogeneous networks (HetNets),
covering both planning and operational aspects. The integration of
high-frequency air interfaces into 5G+ wireless networks can
relieve the congested radio frequency (RF) bands. Visible light
communication (VLC) is now emerging as a promising candidate for
future generations of HetNets. Heterogeneous RF-optical networks
combine the high throughput of visible light and the high
reliability of RF. However, when implementing these HetNets in
mobile scenarios, several challenges arise from both planning and
operational perspectives. Since the mmWave, terahertz, and visible
light bands share similar wave propagation characteristics, the
concepts presented here can be broadly applied in all such bands.
To facilitate the planning of RF-optical HetNets, the authors
present an algorithm that specifies the joint optimal densities of
the base stations by drawing on stochastic geometry in order to
satisfy the users' quality-of-service (QoS) demands with minimum
network power consumption. From an operational perspective, the
book explores vertical handovers and multi-homing using a
cooperative framework. For vertical handovers, it employs a
data-driven approach based on deep neural networks to predict
abrupt optical outages; and, on the basis of this prediction,
proposes a reinforcement learning strategy that ensures minimal
network latency during handovers. In terms of multi-homing support,
the authors examine the aggregation of the resources from both
optical and RF networks, adopting a two-timescale multi-agent
reinforcement learning strategy for optimal power allocation.
Presenting comprehensive planning and operational strategies, the
book allows readers to gain an in-depth grasp of how to integrate
future coexisting networks at high-frequency bands in a cooperative
manner, yielding reliable and high-speed 5G+ HetNets.
This book discusses the smooth integration of optical and RF
networks in 5G and beyond (5G+) heterogeneous networks (HetNets),
covering both planning and operational aspects. The integration of
high-frequency air interfaces into 5G+ wireless networks can
relieve the congested radio frequency (RF) bands. Visible light
communication (VLC) is now emerging as a promising candidate for
future generations of HetNets. Heterogeneous RF-optical networks
combine the high throughput of visible light and the high
reliability of RF. However, when implementing these HetNets in
mobile scenarios, several challenges arise from both planning and
operational perspectives. Since the mmWave, terahertz, and visible
light bands share similar wave propagation characteristics, the
concepts presented here can be broadly applied in all such bands.
To facilitate the planning of RF-optical HetNets, the authors
present an algorithm that specifies the joint optimal densities of
the base stations by drawing on stochastic geometry in order to
satisfy the users' quality-of-service (QoS) demands with minimum
network power consumption. From an operational perspective, the
book explores vertical handovers and multi-homing using a
cooperative framework. For vertical handovers, it employs a
data-driven approach based on deep neural networks to predict
abrupt optical outages; and, on the basis of this prediction,
proposes a reinforcement learning strategy that ensures minimal
network latency during handovers. In terms of multi-homing support,
the authors examine the aggregation of the resources from both
optical and RF networks, adopting a two-timescale multi-agent
reinforcement learning strategy for optimal power allocation.
Presenting comprehensive planning and operational strategies, the
book allows readers to gain an in-depth grasp of how to integrate
future coexisting networks at high-frequency bands in a cooperative
manner, yielding reliable and high-speed 5G+ HetNets.
In the rubber industry, one of the most widely practiced processes
is the reinforcement of rubber by particulate fillers, especially
carbon black and silica. This process is of such importance that
more than 99% of rubber products contain fillers, and the research
and development of fillers have become the most widely researched
area in rubber science and technology. This book covers the most
important theoretical and practical aspects of rubber
reinforcement, such as filler basic properties and their
characterization methods, the effect of fillers in polymers, the
processability of compounds, and the properties of filled
vulcanizates. Special chapters deal with applications of fillers in
tires and industrial rubber goods and the reinforcement of silicone
rubbers. Testing methods and their principles, applications, and
limitations are reviewed, with emphasis on the surface activity,
widely accepted as the "third dimension" of filler
characterization, after particle size and structure. This has not
been described in depth in other books on rubber reinforcement. The
effects of fillers on rubber and their mechanisms, which are
important links between filler properties and the performance of
rubber goods, are explained. A guide for selecting the most
appropriate reinforcing systems for specific applications is
provided, taking into account processabilities and properties of
filled compounds and performance of rubber products. With solutions
to many practical problems related to rubber research and
compounding, this book serves as a valuable companion to engineers
and product developers in the rubber industry, material scientists,
and teachers and students in material science and rubber courses.
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