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First published in 1985. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor &
Francis, an informa company.
Following upon the first two volumes in this series, which dealt
with a broad spectrum of topics in the environment and behavior
field, ranging from theoretical to applied, and including
disciplinary, interdisciplinary, and professionally oriented
approaches, we have chosen to devote sub sequent volumes to more
specifically defined topics. Thus, Volume Three dealt with Children
and the Environment, seen from the combined perspective of
researchers in environmental and developmental psy chology. The
present volume has a similarly topical coverage, dealing with the
complex set of relationships between culture and the physical
environment. It is broad and necessarily eclectic with respect to
content, theory, methodology, and epistemological stance, and the
contributors to it represent a wide variety of fields and
disciplines, including psy chology, geography, anthropology,
economics, and environmental de sign. We were fortunate to enlist
the collaboration of Amos Rapoport in the organization and editing
of this volume, as he brings to this task a particularly pertinent
perspective that combines anthropology and ar chitecture. Volume
Five of the series, presently in preparation, will cover the
subject of behavioral science aspects of transportation. Irwin
Altman Joachim F. Wohlwill ix Contents Introduction 1 CHAPTER 1
CROSS-CULTURAL ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN AMOS RAPOPORT
Introduction 7 Culture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Environmental Design 10 The Relationship of Culture and
Environmental Design . . . . . . . . . 15 The Variability of
Culture-Environment Relations 19 Culture-Specific Environments . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Designing for Culture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Implications for the Future .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 CHAPTER 2
CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH METHODS: STRATEGIES, PROBLEMS, ApPLICATIONS
RICHARD W."
The present volume in our series follows the format of the
immediately in dealing with a topical theme of considerable impor
preceding ones tance in the environment and behavior field. In view
of current and projected demographic trends, it is a certainty that
a broad-ranging set of issues concerned with the elderly and the
physical environment will continue to be of focal pertinence-if not
of increasing importance--in the remaining decades of this century.
The present volume also follows in the tradition of earlier volumes
in the series in being eclectic with respect to content, theory,
and meth odology and in including contributions from a variety of
disciplines, such as anthropology, economics, psychology,
geography, and urban and regional planning. To have encompassed the
whole array of disci plines and topics in this emerging field in a
single volume would have been impossible. We trust that the sample
of contributions that we have selected is provocative and that it
will illustrate the range of problems and topics and point to
promising areas of study and analysis. We are pleased to have M.
Powell Lawton as a guest co-editor for this volume. His
broad-ranging expertise, perceptive judgment, and fine editorial
talents have contributed enormously to the volume."
This is the first in a series of volumes concerned with research
encompassed by the rather broad term "environment and behavior. "
The goal of the series is to begin the process of integration of
knowledge on environmental and behavioral topics so that
researchers and professionals can have material from diverse
sources accessible in a single publication. The field of
environment and behavior is broad and interdiscipli nary, with
researchers drawn from a variety of traditional disciplines such as
psychology, sociology, anthropology, geography, and other social
and behavioral sciences, and from the biological and life sciences
of medicine, psychiatry, biology, and ethology. The interdis
ciplinary quality of the field is also reflected in the extensive
involve ment of environmental professionals from architecture,
urban plan ning, landscape architecture, interior design, and other
fields such as recreation and natural resources, to name just a
few. At present, the field has a somewhat chaotic flavor, with
research being carried out by a variety of scholars who publish in
a multitude of outlets. Many researchers and practitioners are
unaware of the state of knowledge regarding a specific topic
because of the unavailability of integrated reference materials.
There are only a handful of books dealing with environment and
behavior, most of them unintegrated collections of readings, with
only an occasional systematic analysis of some facet of the field."
The papers comprising this second volume of Human Behavior and the
Environment represent, as do their predecessors, a cross section of
current work in the broad area of problems dealing with
interrelation ships between the physical environment and human
behavior, at both the individual and the aggregate levels.
Considering the two volumes as a unit, we have included papers
covering a broad spectrum of problems ranging from the theoretical
to the applied, and from the disciplinary-based to the
interdisciplinary and professional. Approxi mately half of the
papers are written by psychologists, with the remainder coming, in
part, from such other disciplines as sociology, geography, and from
such diverse applied and professional fields as natural recreation,
landscape architecture, urban planning, and opera tions research.
The volumes thus provide an overview of work on current topical
problems. Yet, as the field is developing, specialization is
inevitably increasing apace, and the editors as well as the
publisher have become convinced of the desirability for futu're
volumes in this series to be organized along topical lines, with
successive volumes devoted to different aspects of this rather
sprawling field. Thus, Volume 3, currently in the planning stage,
will be devoted exclusively to the interaction of children with the
physical environment, considered from diverse viewpoints, again
including authors from diverse fields of specialization."
The field of "Environment-and-Behavior" This bibliography is aimed
at the researcher and advanced student working in the field of
environmental psychology, as it has come to be designated over the
past decade. A more appropriate term might be "environment-behavior
studies," to suggest the important characteristic of this field as
one that transcends the province of the psychologist, and brings
together workers, as well as problems, methods, and concepts from a
great diversity of disciplines and professional fields. Among these
we may include geography and sociology, architecture, landscape
architecture and planning, forestry, natural resource management
and leisure and recreation research -- to name only the most
important of the diverse fields from which material for this
bibliography has been drawn. This is in fact one of the primary
reasons for our belief in the value of such a volume. The
literature in the environment-behavior field is scattered through
the most diverse sources, including not only the major periodical
and monographic literature in each of the above-mentioned
disciplines and professions (and others as well), but also a
variety of more specialized publications of varying degrees of
accessibility. Thus it seemed to us helpful to the researcher,
teacher and student in this area to bring this far-flung literature
together in a single volume, that might be used as a guide to the
field. We aimed at a comprehensive treatment, including both basic
and applied aspects, and relations of behavior both to the man-made
or artificial and to the natural environment.
The theme of the present volume concerns people' s response to the
natural environment, considered at scales varying from that of a
house hold plant to that of vast wilderness areas. Our decision to
focus on this particular segment of the physical environment was
prompted in part by the intrinsic interest in this subject on the
part of a diverse group of sodal scientists and professionals-and
of laypersons, for that matter and in part by the relative neglect
of this topic in standard treatments of the environment-behavior
field. It also serves to bring out once again the interdisdplinary
nature of that field, and we are pleased to have been able to
inc1ude representatives from geography, sodology, soda ecology, and
natural recreation among our contributors. We believe that this
volume will serve a useful purpose in helping to integrate the find
ings and concepts in this presently somewhat fragmented field, scat
tered as they are over a very diverse array of publications
representing a similarly varied group of spedalties. It is hoped
that the result will be to stimulate future development of this
area and to add a measure of in creased coherence to it. Volume 7
of our series will be devoted to the theme of elderly people and
the environment, with M. Powell Lawton joining us as guest
co-editor. The titles of the papers comprising Volume 7 are shown
on page v. Irwin Altman J oachim F. Wohlwill ix Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."
The present volume in our series follows the format of the
immediately in dealing with a topical theme of considerable impor
preceding ones tance in the environment and behavior field. In view
of current and projected demographic trends, it is a certainty that
a broad-ranging set of issues concerned with the elderly and the
physical environment will continue to be of focal pertinence-if not
of increasing importance--in the remaining decades of this century.
The present volume also follows in the tradition of earlier volumes
in the series in being eclectic with respect to content, theory,
and meth odology and in including contributions from a variety of
disciplines, such as anthropology, economics, psychology,
geography, and urban and regional planning. To have encompassed the
whole array of disci plines and topics in this emerging field in a
single volume would have been impossible. We trust that the sample
of contributions that we have selected is provocative and that it
will illustrate the range of problems and topics and point to
promising areas of study and analysis. We are pleased to have M.
Powell Lawton as a guest co-editor for this volume. His
broad-ranging expertise, perceptive judgment, and fine editorial
talents have contributed enormously to the volume."
Following upon the first two volumes in this series, which dealt
with a broad spectrum of topics in the environment and behavior
field, ranging from theoretical to applied, and including
disciplinary, interdisciplinary, and professionally oriented
approaches, we have chosen to devote sub sequent volumes to more
specifically defined topics. Thus, Volume Three dealt with Children
and the Environment, seen from the combined perspective of
researchers in environmental and developmental psy chology. The
present volume has a similarly topical coverage, dealing with the
complex set of relationships between culture and the physical
environment. It is broad and necessarily eclectic with respect to
content, theory, methodology, and epistemological stance, and the
contributors to it represent a wide variety of fields and
disciplines, including psy chology, geography, anthropology,
economics, and environmental de sign. We were fortunate to enlist
the collaboration of Amos Rapoport in the organization and editing
of this volume, as he brings to this task a particularly pertinent
perspective that combines anthropology and ar chitecture. Volume
Five of the series, presently in preparation, will cover the
subject of behavioral science aspects of transportation. Irwin
Altman Joachim F. Wohlwill ix Contents Introduction 1 CHAPTER 1
CROSS-CULTURAL ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN AMOS RAPOPORT
Introduction 7 Culture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Environmental Design 10 The Relationship of Culture and
Environmental Design . . . . . . . . . 15 The Variability of
Culture-Environment Relations 19 Culture-Specific Environments . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Designing for Culture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Implications for the Future .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 CHAPTER 2
CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH METHODS: STRATEGIES, PROBLEMS, ApPLICATIONS
RICHARD W."
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