It has been estimated that over a billion people are using or learning English as a second or foreign language, and the numbers are growing not only for English but for other languages as well. These language learners provide a burgeoning market for tools that help identify and correct learners' writing errors. Unfortunately, the errors targeted by typical commercial proofreading tools do not include those aspects of a second language that are hardest to learn. This volume describes the types of constructions English language learners find most difficult: constructions containing prepositions, articles, and collocations. It provides an overview of the automated approaches that have been developed to identify and correct these and other classes of learner errors in a number of languages. Error annotation and system evaluation are particularly important topics in grammatical error detection because there are no commonly accepted standards. Chapters in the book describe the options available to researchers, recommend best practices for reporting results, and present annotation and evaluation schemes. The final chapters explore recent innovative work that opens new directions for research. It is the authors' hope that this volume will continue to contribute to the growing interest in grammatical error detection by encouraging researchers to take a closer look at the field and its many challenging problems.

In this book we consider ways in which mining companies do and can/should respect the human rights of communities affected by mining operations. We examine what "can and should" means and to whom, in a variety of mostly Peruvian contexts, and how engineers engage in "normative" practices that may interfere with the communities' best interests. We hope to raise awareness of the complexity of issues at stake and begin the necessary process of critique-of self and of the industry in which an engineer chooses to work. This book aims to alert engineering students to the price paid not only by vulnerable communities but also by the natural environment when mining companies engage in irresponsible and, often, illegal mining practices. If mining is to be in our future, and if we are to have a future which is sustainable, engineering students must learn to mine and support mining, in new ways-ways which are fairer, more equitable, and cleaner than today.

Though engineering design can tackle the world's most pressing challenges, engineering-related courses and experiences are often alienating, especially to people from minoritized groups. Literacies of Design: Studies of Equity and Imagination in Engineering and Making covers the latest pedagogical theories-as well as case studies and practical tips-to support diverse people in identifying problems and designing solutions through engineering and making. Engineers tackle a range of problems, big and small, from climate change to viral transmission to improved handrails for persons with disabilities. Inclusion and equity efforts include not only preparing the next generation of engineers and makers, but also creating and fostering spaces where youth can express their ideas and bring forth their whole selves. This book offers theories and real-life examples for educators and practitioners at every level, from K-12 through higher education and beyond.

Though engineering design can tackle the world's most pressing challenges, engineering-related courses and experiences are often alienating, especially to people from minoritized groups. Literacies of Design: Studies of Equity and Imagination in Engineering and Making covers the latest pedagogical theories-as well as case studies and practical tips-to support diverse people in identifying problems and designing solutions through engineering and making. Engineers tackle a range of problems, big and small, from climate change to viral transmission to improved handrails for persons with disabilities. Inclusion and equity efforts include not only preparing the next generation of engineers and makers, but also creating and fostering spaces where youth can express their ideas and bring forth their whole selves. This book offers theories and real-life examples for educators and practitioners at every level, from K-12 through higher education and beyond.