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The Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) is best known for its
athletic and youth programs, a heritage that draws on its origins
in 1844 to provide wholesome recreation to urban youth away from
the moral decay of industrialized urban living. Before long, that
uplift mission found a place in the American Civil War, and soon
the Y had spread all over the world by the early twentieth century,
and in every major war thereafter as well. The YMCA at War:
Collaboration and Conflict during the World Wars is the first
collection of scholarship to examine the YMCA's efforts during the
World Wars of the twentieth century, which proved to be a bastion
of support to soldiers and civilians around the world. The YMCA
deployed hundreds of thousands of its much-vaunted secretaries to
support suffering civilians and ease soldiers' wartime hardships.
Joining forces with governments, other civic organizations, and
individuals, the Y could be either an indispensable auxiliary or an
arms-length nuisance. In all cases, its support had a significant
byproduct: for every person it befriended, the Y invariably made an
enemy with an opposing party, its patrons, its sponsor, or at
times, all three. The YMCA at War offers fresh, timely research in
an international and comparative perspective from scholars around
the world that evaluates this conflict and collaboration during the
World Wars.
"This paper addresses the difficulties these PMTs police mentor
teams] faced, the process by which a plan emerged to utilize these
teams, and how PMTs were absolutely essential to COIN execution.
Counterinsurgency expert David Galula's model for measuring the
strength of the insurgent is used to describe the strength of the
insurgency in Southern Afghanistan. Additionally, Galula's COIN
operations model is used as a framework to describe the actual
police development campaign that ensued. The main method of
research is personal experience supported by interviews with senior
Army officers who were intimately involved with the 2007-2008
police development campaign."
The Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) is best known for its
athletic and youth programs, a heritage that draws on its origins
in 1844 to provide wholesome recreation to urban youth away from
the moral decay of industrialized urban living. Before long, that
uplift mission found a place in the American Civil War, and soon
the Y had spread all over the world by the early twentieth century,
and in every major war thereafter as well. The YMCA at War:
Collaboration and Conflict during the World Wars is the first
collection of scholarship to examine the YMCA's efforts during the
World Wars of the twentieth century, which proved to be a bastion
of support to soldiers and civilians around the world. The YMCA
deployed hundreds of thousands of its much-vaunted secretaries to
support suffering civilians and ease soldiers' wartime hardships.
Joining forces with governments, other civic organizations, and
individuals, the Y could be either an indispensable auxiliary or an
arms-length nuisance. In all cases, its support had a significant
byproduct: for every person it befriended, the Y invariably made an
enemy with an opposing party, its patrons, its sponsor, or at
times, all three. The YMCA at War offers fresh, timely research in
an international and comparative perspective from scholars around
the world that evaluates this conflict and collaboration during the
World Wars.
The American military-industrial complex and accompanying culture
are most often associated with massive weapons procurement programs
and advanced technologies. Images of supersonic bombers, strategic
missiles, armor-plated tanks, nuclear submarines, and complex space
systems clog our imagination. However, one aspect of the complex is
not a weapon or even a machine, but one of the world's most highly
engineered consumer products: the manufactured cigarette. Smoke 'Em
If You Got 'Em describes the origins of the often comfortable, yet
increasingly controversial relationship among the military, the
cigarette industry, and tobaccoland politicians during the
twentieth century. After fostering the relationship between soldier
and cigarette for more than five decades, the Department of Defense
and fiscally minded legislators faced formidable political,
cultural, economic, and internal challenges as they fought to
unhinge the soldier-cigarette bond they had forged. Smoke 'Em If
You Got 'Em is also a study in modern American political economy.
Bureaucrats, soldiers, lobbyists, government executives,
legislators, litigators, or anti-smoking activists all struggled
over far-reaching policy issues involving the cigarette. The
soldier-cigarette relationship established by the Army in World War
I and broken apart in the mid-1980s underpinned one of the most
prolific social, cultural, economic, and healthcare related
developments in the twentieth century: the rise and proliferation
of the American manufactured cigarette smoker and the powerful
cigarette enterprise supporting them. From 1918 to 1986, the
military established a powerful subculture of cigarette-smoking
soldiers. The relationship was so rooted that, after the 1964
Surgeon General's Report warned Americans that cigarettes were
hazardous to health, a further 22 years were needed to advance
military smoking cessation as official policy, and an additional 16
years to sever government subsidies providing soldiers low-cost
cigarettes. The role of wars and the military in establishing and
entrenching the American cigarette-smoking culture has often gone
unrecognized. Using the manufactured cigarette as a vehicle to
explore political economy and interactions between the military and
American society, Joel R. Bius helps the reader understand this
important, yet overlooked aspect of 20th century America.
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