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Over the past twenty years, technical advances in coronary
arteriography have contributed to our understanding of the
pathophysiologic aspects and natural history of coronary artery
disease. Probably more than 700. 000 coronary arterio grams are
performed annually throughout the world. Usually, these
arteriograms are interpreted visually to determine the morphologic
extent and severity of coronary artery disease. These subjective
determinations, which are hampered . by relatively large intra- and
interobserver variations, are used as a basis for critically
important therapeutic decisions: Which arteries are to be
revascular ized, which lesions are suitable for coronary bypass
surgery or for percutaneous coronary angioplasty? To improve on
this clinical decision making, on the treat ment and follow-up of
such patients, new, objective and reproducible techniques for the
assessment of the extent and severity of coronary artery disease,
both in terms of anatomy and functional significance of the
lesions, must be made widely available. With such new procedures
and technologies the efficacy of new thera peutic procedures, the
effects of vasodilating and constricting drugs, and the results of
long-term studies on the regression and progression of
atherosclerotic plaque can be determined in an objective and
cost-effective manner.
This book consists of a total of 32 chapters subdivided into seven
Parts, being: Coronary quantitation by QCA and intracoronary
ultrasound (QCU), angiographic trials, progress in intravascular
ultrasound, magnetic resonance (MR) coronary and vascular imaging,
nuclear cardiovascular imaging, echocardiography, and cine and
spiral CT coronary imaging. In general, each Part begins with a
chapter that provides a broad overview of the advances in the field
described in that particular Part, as well as a view towards the
future. In the following chapters in such a Part, individual topics
are described in further detail by leading authorities. In this
way, the book should be of great interest to the more generalist'
reader as well as to the more specialist' reader. It has been quite
obvious for a long time that cardiovascular imaging is a field in
which quantitative analysis of the corresponding images is a must
for clinical research studies. One such example is the quantitative
coronary arteriography for the accurate assessment of vessel
morphology and their changes over time in interventional
cardiology. Particularly with the increasing use of
three-dimensional (3D) data as well as 4D ( 3D plus time ), it has
been quite clear that the amount of information is so large that
the conventional visual interpretation is not suitable anymore, and
otherwise would result in unacceptably high inter- and
intra-observer variabilities and underutilization of the data.
Fortunately, (semi)-automated analysis techniques preferably with
automated edge detection approaches begin to appear, thereby
providing a wealth of information with small systematic and random
errors. Therefore, What's New in Cardiovascular Imaging? will
assist the cardiologist, the radiologist, the nuclear medicine
physician, the image processing specialist, the physicist, the
basic scientist, and the fellow, who is in training for those
specialties, in understanding the most recent achievements in
cardiovascular imaging techniques and their impact on
cardiovascular medicine.
In recent years there have been major advances in the fields of
cardiovascular nuclear medicine and cardiac magnetic resonance
imaging. In nuclear cardiology more adequate tomographic systems
have been designed for routine cardiac use, as well as new or
improved quantitative analytic software packages both for planar
and tomographic studies implemented on modern state-of-the-art
workstations. In addition, artificial intelligence techniques are
being applied to these images in attempts to interpret the nuclear
studies in a more objective and reproducible manner. Various new
radiotracers have been developed, such as antimyosin, labeled
isonitriles, metabolic compounds, etc. Furthermore, alternative
stress testing with dipyridamole and dobutamine has received much
attention in clinical cardiac practice. Magnetic resonance imaging
is a relative newcomer in cardiology and has already shown its
merits, not only for anatomical information but increasingly for
the functional aspects of cardiac performance. This book covers
almost every aspect of quantitative cardiovascular nuclear medicine
and magnetic resonance imaging. It will assist the nuclear medicine
physician, the radiologist, the physicist/image processing
specialist and the clinical cardiologist in understanding the
nuclear medicine techniques used in cardiovascular medicine, and in
increasing our knowledge of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.
In this fourth book in the series on quantitative coronary
arteriography (QCA) with the earlier three volumes published in
1986, 1988 and 1991, the latest developments in this exciting field
are covered. Both the methodolog ical and clinical application
aspects of these advances are presented in a comprehensive manner
in a total of 37 chapters by world renowned experts. The book is
subdivided into a total of eight parts, beginning with the more
methodological issues, such as QCA and other modalities (3
chapters), cine film versus digital arteriography (3 chapters),
quality control in QCA (4 chapters), and coronary blood flow and
flow reserve (3 chapters). Since QCA has been well established as
the technique for the assessment of regression and progression in
atherosclerotic disease, and of restenosis after recanaliz ation
procedures, major clinical trials in both groups are described
extensively by their principal investigators in a total of 11
chapters. In addition, the QCA results after the application of
various recanalization techniques are presented in another eight
chapters. In the last part the experiences with various
intracoronary prostheses with the emphasis on QCA are discussed in
five chapters. This large increase in application oriented chapters
means that QCA is well alive and gaining momentum. Although the
accuracy and precision of the analytical methods steadily improve
with the increasing complexity of the algorithms, there is still
always the human factor involved in these processes in terms of
frame selection, segment definition, etc.
In recent years there have been tremendous advances in cardiac
imaging techniques covering the complete spectrum from
echocardiography, nuclear cardiology, magnetic resonance imaging to
contrast angiography. With respect to these noninvasive and
invasive cardiac imaging modalities, marked technological
developments have allowed the cardiologist to visualize the
myocardium in a far more refined manner than conventional imaging
was capable of. Echocardiography has extended its domain with
intravascular ultrasound, cardiovascular nuclear imaging has added
positron emission tomography to its line of research, magnetic
resonance imaging has been broadened with magnetic resonance
angiography and spectroscopy, and finally contrast angiograp hy has
widened its scope with excellent quantitation programs. For all
these imaging modalities it is true that the application of
dedicated quantitative analytic software packages enables the
evaluation of the imaging studies in a more accurate, reliable, and
reproducible manner. It goes without saying that these extensions
and achievements have resulted in improved diagnostics and
subsequently in improved patient care. Particularly in patients
with ischemic heart disease, major progress has been made to detect
coronary artery disease in an early phase of the disease process,
to follow the atherosclerotic changes in the coronary arteries, to
establish the functional and metabolic consequences of the luminal
obstructions, and to accurately assess the results of
interventional therapy.
This is the fifth volume in this series on quantitative coronary
arteriography (QCA) published over the last nine years. Research
and applications in this exciting, field are covered in a total of
26 chapters by world renowned experts. This book is subdivided into
a total of 6 parts, each emphasizing the latest progress in these
respective fields. In Part One a comprehensive overview is given of
the current knowledge and research in endothelial function, which
is of eminent importance for the further understanding of the
pathophysiology of coronary artery disease in patients.
Fortunately, the use of QCA tools is not limited anymore to leading
research institutes; over the last several years these tools have
been installed in many cardiology centers world wide. To understand
the current possibili ties, limitations and future expectations of
QCA, several relevant topics are presented in Part Two. First of
all, the questions about why and how QCA systems should be
validated both at the development site and at the appli cation
sites, and whether data from different vendors and core
laboratories can be pooled, are discussed. As the X-ray
cardiovascular world steadily moves into the digital imaging era,
differences and similarities between the conventional cinefilm and
the modern digital approaches are presented. Cur rently. the
widespread use of digital imaging is still hindered by the lack of
proper archival and exchange media. Requirements and possible
solutions for this problem are handled in this section as well.
In June 1989, a third conference concentrating on the progress in
quantita tive coronary angiography and related techniques was held
in Rotterdam, again very successful as the two preceding events in
1985 and 1987. Tech nical as well as clinical aspects of digital
and digitized coronarography, morphometry, parametric imaging and
functional quantification of the human coronary circulation were
presented and discussed by prominent exponents of those groups who
have been active in this particular field for many years. This book
contains the chapters representing the lectures held by leading
experts during the symposium that update the knowledge currently
available, including most recent aspects in angioscopy and
intravascular ultrasound imaging. It also includes a historical
review on the development of angiogra phic techniques from the very
early days on to our times given by one of the pioneers in heart
catheterization and angiography, Dr. Kurt Amplatz. Those who had
the chance to listen to his talk, will surely remember his
impressive, humorous lecture as one of the highlights of this
meeting."
In recent years methods have been developed to study cardiac
function, myocardial blood flow and myocardial metabolism with
radionuclides. These developments have been facilitated through the
introduction of new radiopharmaceuticals, the design of special
gamma cameras and dedicated computer systems. However, part of the
information provided by nuclear cardiology can also be obtained
through other investigations such as echocardiography, exercise
electrocardiography and cardiac catheterisation with
ventriculography and coronary arteriography. Thus the practising
physician must select the most appropriate methodes) of
investigation for each patient. Such choices should be based on
proper understanding of both the value and the restrictions of each
method. In this book the state-of-the-art in nuclear cardiology is
reviewed, including radionuclide angiography for analysis of left
and right ventricu lar function and for measurement of shunts and
regurgitation volumes, perfusion scintigraphy and other methods for
measurement of myocardial bloodflow and metabolism and computer
processing of radio nuclide Images. Each chapter has been written
by an expert from either Europe or the USA, who has contributed to
the developments in his particular field. The principles of each
method of investigation are described, as well as the precautions
that should be taken in order to obtain high quality data.
Guidelines are provided for the interpretation ofthe data based on
studies in various centers where the methods were developed and
tested.
There are few techniques that have influenced therapeutic
strategies in modem cardiology to a similar extent as coronary
arteriography. Bypass surgery as well as transluminal coronary
angioplasty would not have been possible without coronary
angiography serving as a 'midwife' in their evolu tion. Despite the
widespread and long-standing use in clinical practice, however, the
interpretation of coronary angiograms has not changed very much
since the early days. Most angiogr s are still reviewed in a visual
and semi-quantitative and thus often very subjective way. In the
face of an almost exploding field for interventional
catheterization including thrombolysis, balloon dilatation, and
other rapidly evolving techniques for transluminal
revascularization or recanalization, a more detailed and
quantitative analysis of coronary arteriograms is urgently
required. In addition to the delineation of coronary morphology, we
need dynamic and functional information about flow and perfusion to
understand the physiological significance of anatomic
abnormalities. Coronary arteriography contains and can provide most
of this information. With the application of appropriate
techniques, it can be made available in the catheterization
laboratory even during the patient's investiga tion, thus
facilitating and improving clinical decision making. Objective and
reproducible analysis will furthermore enhance our understanding
about the pathophysiology of coronary disease."
In recent years there has been an increasing interest in
quantitative analysis of coronary cineangiograms and already for a
longer time of left ventricular cin- eangiograms. The needfor
quantitationofcoronary arterialdimensions has been stimulated by
the introduction ofnew therapeutic procedures in the catheteriza-
tionlaboratory, suchas the balloon dilatationtechnique (PTCA) and
thromboly- tic therapy, by the need to study the vasoactive
responses of pharmaceutical agents, and also by the desire to study
the progressive nature ofcoronary artery disease with the ultimate
goal to find ways to bring a halt to the progression of coronary
atherosclerosis or even achieve regression of the disease. Parallel
with these clinical developments, rapid technical developments in
computerarchitect- ures and semiconductor memories have made it
possible to digitize and store cineframesor selected portions
thereof in image processors and to analyze these pictorial data
quantitatively at affordable prices. More than 15 years of research
have been directed by various groups towards the semi- or
fully-automated delineation of the left ventricular boundaries on a
frame-to-frame basis. Yet not a single system with fully-automated
capability is commercially available. In the mean time many
different left ventricular wall motion models have been developed,
again with little consensuson which model is to be preferred as no
golden standard exists.
In the past, coronary arteriography was the only modality available
to provide high quality images of the coronary anatomy.
Quantitative coronary arteriography (QCA) was developed,
implemented, validated and extensively applied to obtain accurate
and reproducible data about coronary morphology and the functional
significance of coronary obstructions. Over the last few years
extensive basic technological research supported by clinical
investigations has created competing modalities to visualize
coronary morphology and the associated perfusion of the myocardial
muscle. Currently, the following modalities are available: X-ray
coronary arteriography, intracoronary ultrasound, contrast- and
stress-echocardiography, angioscopy, nuclear cardiology, magnetic
resonance imaging, and cine and spiral CT imaging. For all these
imaging modalities, the application of dedicated quantitative
analytical software packages enables the evaluation of the imaging
studies in a more accurate, reliable, and reproducible manner.
These extensions and achievements have resulted in improved
diagnostics and subsequently in improved patient care. Particularly
in patients with ischaemic heart disease, major progress has been
made to detect coronary artery disease in an early phase of the
disease process, to follow the atherosclerotic changes in the
coronary arteries, to establish the functional and metabolic
consequences of the luminal obstructions, and accurately to assess
the results of interventional therapy. Aside from all these
high-tech developments in cardiac imaging techniques, the
transition from the analogue to the digital world has been going on
for some time now. For the future, it has been predicted that the
CD-R will be the exchange medium for cardiac images and DICOM-3 the
standard file format. This has been a major achievement in the
field of standardization activities. Since these developments will
have a major impact on the way images will be stored, reviewed and
exchanged in the near future, an important part of this book has
been dedicated to DICOM and the filmless catheterization
laboratory. Cardiovascular Imaging will assist cardiologists,
radiologists, nuclear medicine physicians, image processing
specialists, physicists, basic scientists, and fellows in training
for these specialties to understand the most recent achievements in
cardiac imaging techniques and their impact on cardiovascular
medicine.
A unique overview of all major angiographic lipid intervention
trials, presented by their principal investigators. Basic
mechanisms and methodological aspects, including biochemical as
well as angiographic aspects, are discussed by experts in these
fields. A careful comparison of all available data permits an
analysis to be made of what may currently be considered proved,
which aspects merit further investigation, and which hypotheses
should be rejected. Audience: Clinicians involved in the practice
of lipid lowering and investigators involved in lipid-lowering
clinical trials. Scientists involved in other areas of lipid
research and investigators conducting coronary angiographic trials
designed to study the influence of different interventions will
find a wealth of information and practical guidelines in this book.
In June 1989, a third conference concentrating on the progress in
quantita tive coronary angiography and related techniques was held
in Rotterdam, again very successful as the two preceding events in
1985 and 1987. Tech nical as well as clinical aspects of digital
and digitized coronarography, morphometry, parametric imaging and
functional quantification of the human coronary circulation were
presented and discussed by prominent exponents of those groups who
have been active in this particular field for many years. This book
contains the chapters representing the lectures held by leading
experts during the symposium that update the knowledge currently
available, including most recent aspects in angioscopy and
intravascular ultrasound imaging. It also includes a historical
review on the development of angiogra phic techniques from the very
early days on to our times given by one of the pioneers in heart
catheterization and angiography, Dr. Kurt Amplatz. Those who had
the chance to listen to his talk, will surely remember his
impressive, humorous lecture as one of the highlights of this
meeting."
This volume is the fifth in a series on quantitative coronary
arteriography (QCA). The following topics, which all currently are
and continue to be issues of extensive discussions in the research
and clinical communities, are covered in great detail in this
volume: endothelial function; comparisons between digital and cine
coronary arteriography; inter-laboratory variation between QCA Core
Laboratories; the developments in digital archival media;
intracoronary pressure, coronary blood flow and flow reserve;
quantitative and qualitative features in regression/progression
studies; QCA in recanalization studies; and finally the current
position of rivalling modalities as coronary angioscopy,
intraluminal imaging with ultrasound and fluorescence spectroscopy.
This book provides a comprehensive, overview for all clinicians and
physicists actively involved or otherwise interested in current
developments in quantitative coronary arteriography.
This volume is the fourth in a series on quantitative coronary
arteriography (QCA) published over the last seven years. Every two
years the advances in this exciting field are presented by their
leading experts. There is a significant growth in this field which
has translated into the increasing sizes of the volumes published
over the years. In addition to covering the developments in the
more traditional items such as QCA and other modalities, and
coronary blood flow and flow reserve, the following subjects have
been emphasized in this particular volume: quality control in QCA;
QCA in the major regression/progression trials; QCA in the major
restenoisis studies; QCA after recanalization techniques; and QCA
and infracoronary prostheses. In addition, an extensive overview is
given of ZCA equipment and technical requirements. The book
provides a comprehensive, overview for all clinicians and
physicists actively involved or otherwise interested in the
developments in quantitative coronary arteriography.
In recent years there have been major advances in the fields of
cardiovascular nuclear medicine and cardiac magnetic resonance
imaging. In nuclear cardiology more adequate tomographic systems
have been designed for routine cardiac use, as well as new or
improved quatitative analytic software packages both for planar and
tomographic studies implemented on modern state-of-the-art
workstations. In addition, artificial intelligence techniques are
being applied to these images in attempts to interpret the nuclear
studies in a more objective and reproductive manner. Various new
radiotracers have been developed, such as antimyosin, labelled
isonitriles, metabolic compounds, etcetera. Furthermore,
alternative stress testing with dipyridamole and dobutamine has
received much attention in clinical cardiac practice. Magnetic
resonance imaging is a relative newcomer in cardiology and has
already shown its merits, not only for anatomical information but
increasingly for the functional aspects of cardiac performance.
It has been clear for a long time that cardiovascular imaging is a
field in which quantitative analysis of the corresponding images is
a must for clinical research studies. One such example is the
quantitative coronary arteriography for the accurate assessment of
vessel morphology and their changes over time in interventional
cardiology. Particularly with the increasing use of
three-dimensional (3D) data as well as 4D (3D plus time), it has
been clear that the amount of information is so large that the
conventional visual interpretation is not suitable anymore, and
otherwise would result in unacceptably high inter- and
intra-observer variabilities and under-utilization of the data.
Fortunately, (semi)-automated analysis techniques, preferably with
automated edge detection approaches, begin to appear, thereby
providing a wealth of information with small systematic and random
errors. This text should assist the cardiologist, the radiologist,
the nuclear medicine physician, the image processing specialist,
the physicist, the basic scientist, and the fellow training for
those specialties, in understanding the most recent achievements in
cardiovascular imaging techniques and their impact on
cardiovascular medicine. This text consists of a total of 32
chapters subdivided into seven Parts.
In the past, coronary arteriography was the only modality available
to provide high quality images of the coronary anatomy.
Quantitative coronary arteriography (QCA) was developed,
implemented, validated and extensively applied to obtain accurate
and reproducible data about coronary morphology and the functional
significance of coronary obstructions. Over the last few years
extensive basic technological research supported by clinical
investigations has created competing modalities to visualize
coronary morphology and the associated perfusion of the myocardial
muscle. Currently, the following modalities are available: X-ray
coronary arteriography, intracoronary ultrasound, contrast- and
stress-echocardiography, angioscopy, nuclear cardiology, magnetic
resonance imaging, and cine and spiral CT imaging. For all these
imaging modalities, the application of dedicated quantitative
analytical software packages enables the evaluation of the imaging
studies in a more accurate, reliable, and reproducible manner.
These extensions and achievements have resulted in improved
diagnostics and subsequently in improved patient care. Particularly
in patients with ischaemic heart disease, major progress has been
made to detect coronary artery disease in an early phase of the
disease process, to follow the atherosclerotic changes in the
coronary arteries, to establish the functional and metabolic
consequences of the luminal obstructions, and accurately to assess
the results of interventional therapy. Aside from all these
high-tech developments in cardiac imaging techniques, the
transition from the analogue to the digital world has been going on
for some time now. For the future, it has been predicted that the
CD-R will be the exchange medium for cardiac images and DICOM-3 the
standard file format. This has been a major achievement in the
field of standardization activities. Since these developments will
have a major impact on the way images will be stored, reviewed and
exchanged in the near future, an important part of this book has
been dedicated to DICOM and the filmless catheterization
laboratory. Cardiovascular Imaging will assist cardiologists,
radiologists, nuclear medicine physicians, image processing
specialists, physicists, basic scientists, and fellows in training
for these specialties to understand the most recent achievements in
cardiac imaging techniques and their impact on cardiovascular
medicine.
There are few techniques that have influenced therapeutic
strategies in modem cardiology to a similar extent as coronary
arteriography. Bypass surgery as well as transluminal coronary
angioplasty would not have been possible without coronary
angiography serving as a 'midwife' in their evolu tion. Despite
the widespread and long-standing use in clinical practice, however,
the interpretation of coronary angiograms has not changed very much
since the early days. Most angiogr~s are still reviewed in a visual
and semi-quantitative and thus often very subjective way. In the
face of an almost exploding field for interventional
catheterization including thrombolysis, balloon dilatation, and
other rapidly evolving techniques for transluminal
revascularization or recanalization, a more detailed and
quantitative analysis of coronary arteriograms is urgently
required. In addition to the delineation of coronary morphology, we
need dynamic and functional information about flow and perfusion to
understand the physiological significance of anatomic
abnormalities. Coronary arteriography contains and can provide most
of this information. With the application of appropriate
techniques, it can be made available in the catheterization
laboratory even during the patient's investiga tion, thus
facilitating and improving clinical decision making. Objective and
reproducible analysis will furthermore enhance our understanding
about the pathophysiology of coronary disease.
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