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Wastewater treatment plants are large non-linear systems subject to
large perturbations in wastewater flow rate, load and composition.
Nevertheless these plants have to be operated continuously, meeting
stricter and stricter regulations. Many control strategies have
been proposed in the literature for improved and more efficient
operation of wastewater treatment plants. Unfortunately, their
evaluation and comparison - either practical or based on simulation
- is difficult. This is partly due to the variability of the
influent, to the complexity of the biological and biochemical
phenomena and to the large range of time constants (from a few
minutes to several days). The lack of standard evaluation criteria
is also a tremendous disadvantage. To really enhance the acceptance
of innovative control strategies, such an evaluation needs to be
based on a rigorous methodology including a simulation model, plant
layout, controllers, sensors, performance criteria and test
procedures, i.e. a complete benchmarking protocol. This book is a
Scientific and Technical Report produced by the IWA Task Group on
Benchmarking of Control Strategies for Wastewater Treatment Plants.
The goal of the Task Group includes developing models and
simulation tools that encompass the most typical unit processes
within a wastewater treatment system (primary treatment, activated
sludge, sludge treatment, etc.), as well as tools that will enable
the evaluation of long-term control strategies and monitoring tasks
(i.e. automatic detection of sensor and process faults). Work on
these extensions has been carried out by the Task Group during the
past five years, and the main results are summarized in
Benchmarking of Control Strategies for Wastewater Treatment Plants.
Besides a description of the final version of the already
well-known Benchmark Simulation Model no. 1 (BSM1), the book
includes the Benchmark Simulation Model no. 1 Long-Term (BSM1_LT) -
with focus on benchmarking of process monitoring tasks - and the
plant-wide Benchmark Simulation Model no. 2 (BSM2). Authors: Krist
V. Gernaey, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, Ulf
Jeppsson, Lund University, Sweden, Peter A. Vanrolleghem,
Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada and John B. Copp, Primodal Inc.,
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
This Report synthesizes the main results obtained throughout the
ADVISOR research project ("Integrated Evaluation for Sustainable
River Basin Governance") funded by the European Commission, under
the - 'Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development' theme of
the 5th Framework Research Programme. The aim of ADVISOR was to
improve the understanding of evaluation processes as part of river
basin planning and management and to provide a framework supported
by a toolkit for the conduct of integrated and participatory
evaluations. The project comprised four work-packages. Work Package
1 examined past water project or plan evaluation cases in five EU
states and drew insights on the problems of past evaluation
practices. Work Package 2 interpreted these past experiences from
different analytical angles leading to a theory for an integrated
evaluation process, emphasising issues of deliberation, multiple
values, quality in the use of information and governance. Work
Package 3 moved from theory to practice. Different tools which
could contribute to integrated evaluation processes were tested in
experimental case applications. These included scenario workshops,
mediated modelling supported by a quality assurance protocol,
social multi-criteria evaluation, cost-effectiveness analyses and
monetary valuation. Work Package 4 aimed at transferring the
experience and lessons learned during the ADVISOR project to policy
makers, contributing especially to the implementation process of
the Water Framework Directive. A guidance document for designing
and implementing Integrated Deliberative Decision Processes (IDDP)
was developed, detailing a step-by-step procedure to achieve
integrated evaluations. The synthesis of the main results achieved
throughout the ADVISOR project is presented in this report in three
parts: Part A sets the stage for the role of integrated evaluations
in river basin planning and management; Part B unfolds the set of
relevant principles and tools developed in the project and Part C
concludes with futures challenges for integrated evaluation
processes.
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