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In 1095 the First Crusade was launched, establishing a great
military endeavour which was a central preoccupation of Europeans
until the end of the thirteenth century. In Western warfare in the
age of the Crusades, 1000-1300 John France offers a wide-ranging
and challenging survey of war and warfare and its place in the
development of European Society, culture and economy in the period
of the Crusades. Placing the crusades in a wider context, this book
brings together the wealth of recent scholarly research on such
issues as knighthood, siege warfare, chivalry and fortifications
into an accessible form. Western warfare in the age of the
Crusades, 1000-1300 examines the nature of war in the period
1000-1300 and argues that it was primarily shaped by the people who
conducted war - the landowners. John France illuminates the role of
property concerns in producing the characteristic instruments of
war: the castle and the knight. This authoritative study details
the way in which war was fought and the reasons for it as well as
reflecting on the society which produced the crusades.
First published in 1999. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor &
Francis, an informa company.
Highlights "the range and richness of scholarship on medieval
warfare, military institutions, and cultures of conflict that
characterize the field". History 95 (2010) Warfare on the periphery
of Europe and across cultural boundaries is a particular focus of
this volume. One article, on Castilian seapower, treats the melding
of northern and southern naval traditions; another clarifies the
military roles of the Ayyubid and Mamluk miners and stoneworkers in
siege warfare; a third emphasizes cultural considerations in an
Icelandic conflict; a fourth looks at how an Iberian prelate
navigated the line between ecclesiastical and military
responsibilities; and a fifth analyzes the different roles of early
gunpowder weapons in Europe and China, linking technological
history with the significance of human geography. Further
contributions also consider technology, two dealing with
fifteenth-century English artillery and the third with
prefabricated mechanical artillery during the Crusades. Another
theme of the volume is source criticism, with re-examinations of
the sources for Owain Glyndwr's (possible) victory at Hyddgen in
1401, a (possible) Danish attack on England in 1128, and the role
of non-milites in Salian warfare. Contributors: Nicolas Agrait,
Tonio Andrade, David Bachrach, Oren Falk, Devin Fields, Michael S.
Fulton, Thomas K. Heeboll-Holm, Rabei G. Khamisy, Michael
Livingstone, Dan Spencer, L.J. Andrew Villalon
"The leading academic vehicle for scholarly publication in the
field of medieval warfare." Medieval Warfare The twenty-first
volume of the Journal of Medieval Military History begins with
three studies examining aspects of warfare in the Latin East: an
archaeological report on the defenses of Jerusalem by Shimon Gibson
and Rafael Y. Lewis; a study of how military victories and defeats
(viewed through the lens of carefully shaped reporting) affected
the reputation, and the flow of funds and recruits to, the Military
Orders, by Nicolas Morton; and an exploration of how the Kingdom of
Jerusalem quickly recovered its military strength after the
disaster of Hattin by Stephen Donnachie. Turning to the other side
of the Mediterranean, Donald J. Kagay analyzes how Jaime I of
Aragon worked to control violence within his realms by limiting
both castle construction and the use of mechanical artillery.
Guilhem Pépin also addresses the limitation of violence, using new
documents to show that the Black Prince's sack of Limoges in 1370
was not the unrestrained bloodbath described by Froissart. The
remaining three contributions deal with aspects of open battle.
Michael John Harbinson offers a large-scale study of when and why
late-medieval men-at-arms chose to dismount and fight on foot
instead of acting tactically as cavalry. Laurence W. Marvin
reconsiders the Battle of Bouvines, concluding that it was far from
being a ritualized mass duel. Finally, Michael Livingston
elucidates some principles for understanding medieval battles in
general, and the battle of Agincourt in particular.
This volume brings together a series of articles by John France,
published over a span of more than forty years, covering a number
of aspects of the military and crusading history of the Middle
Ages, both in Europe and the Near East. An interest in
understanding how war worked and why informs a first group of
articles, ranging from Carolingian armies to the organisation of
war in the 13th century. The focus then turns to the Crusades, the
most ambitious conquests of the era, with a set of studies on the
First Crusade and others on the manner and conduct of warfare in
the territories of the Latin East. The volume also includes a major
unpublished analysis, co-authored with Nicholas Morton, of the
problems faced by the local Islamic powers in the early Crusading
period, reminding us that an army is only as strong as its enemies
permit, and suggesting that the crusaders should be seen in this
light.
"The Crusades and the Expansion of Catholic Christendom" is a
fascinating and accessible survey that places the medieval Crusades
in their European context, and examines, for the first time, their
impact on European expansion.
Taking a unique approach that focuses on the motivation behind the
crusades, John France chronologically examines the whole crusading
movement, from the development of a 'crusading impulse' in the
eleventh century through to an examination of the relationship
between the Crusades and the imperialist imperatives of the early
modern period.
France provides a detailed examination of the first Crusade, the
expansion and climax of crusading during the twelfth and thirteenth
centuries and the failure and fragmentation of such practices in
the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
Concluding with an assessment of the influence of the Crusades
across history and replete with illustrations, maps, timelines,
guides for further reading, and a detailed list of rulers across
Europe and the Muslim world, this study provides students with an
essential guide to a central aspect of medieval history.
"The Crusades and the Expansion of Catholic Christendom" is a
fascinating and accessible survey that places the medieval Crusades
in their European context, and examines, for the first time, their
impact on European expansion.
Taking a unique approach that focuses on the motivation behind the
crusades, John France chronologically examines the whole crusading
movement, from the development of a 'crusading impulse' in the
eleventh century through to an examination of the relationship
between the Crusades and the imperialist imperatives of the early
modern period.
France provides a detailed examination of the first Crusade, the
expansion and climax of crusading during the twelfth and thirteenth
centuries and the failure and fragmentation of such practices in
the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
Concluding with an assessment of the influence of the Crusades
across history and replete with illustrations, maps, timelines,
guides for further reading, and a detailed list of rulers across
Europe and the Muslim world, this study provides students with an
essential guide to a central aspect of medieval history.
"The leading academic vehicle for scholarly publication in the
field of medieval warfare." Medieval Warfare The essays in this
volume of the Journal continue its proud tradition of presenting
cutting-edge research with a wide chronological and geographical
range, from eleventh-century Georgia (David IV's use of the methods
described in De velitatione bellica) to fifteenth-century England
and France (a detailed analysis of the use of the under-appreciated
lancegay and similar weapons). Iberia and the Empire are also
addressed, with a study of Aragonese leaders in the War of the Two
Pedros, a discussion of Prince Ferdinand's battle-seeking strategy
prior to the battle of Toro in 1476, and an analysis and
transcription of a newly-discovered Habsburg battle plan of the
early sixteenth century, drawn up for the war against Venice. The
volume also embraces different approaches, from
cultural-intellectual history (the afterlife of the medieval
Christian Warrior), to experimental archaeology (the mechanics of
raising trebuchets), to comparison of "the face of battle" in a
medieval illuminated manuscript with its depiction in modern films,
to archivally-based administrative history (recruitment among the
sub-gentry for Edward I's armies). Contributors: David S. Bachrach,
Daniel Bertrand, Peter Burkholder, Ekaitz Etxeberria Gallastegi,
Michael John Harbinson, Steven Isaac, Donald J. Kagay, Tomaz Lazar,
Mamuka Tsurtsumia
From the author of Victory in the East: A Military History of the
First Crusade, this book offers a wide-ranging and innovative
survey of crusading warfare, and is intended as a standard
reference for students and professional historians
In 1095 the First Crusade was launched, establishing a great
military endeavour which was a central preoccupation of Europeans
until the end of the thirteenth century. In Western warfare in the
age of the Crusades, 1000-1300 John France offers a wide-ranging
and challenging survey of war and warfare and its place in the
development of European Society, culture and economy in the period
of the Crusades. Placing the crusades in a wider context, this book
brings together the wealth of recent scholarly research on such
issues as knighthood, siege warfare, chivalry and fortifications
into an accessible form. Western warfare in the age of the
Crusades, 1000-1300 examines the nature of war in the period
1000-1300 and argues that it was primarily shaped by the people who
conducted war - the landowners. John France illuminates the role of
property concerns in producing the characteristic instruments of
war: the castle and the knight. This authoritative study details
the way in which war was fought and the reasons for it as well as
reflecting on the society which produced the crusades.
The leading academic vehicle for scholarly publication in the field
of medieval warfare. Medieval Warfare The articles here focus on
activities in north-western Europe, with a reconsideration of the
location of the battle of Stamford Bridge (1066), an examination of
the role of open battles in the civil wars of the Anglo-Norman and
Angevin kings, a re-assessment of the strategy of Edward I's war
against Philip IV in 1297-98, and an analysis of the role of
cavalry "coureurs" in late-medieval France. But regions further to
the south and east are by no means neglected, with a dissection of
the military rhetoric of Pere III of Aragon and his queen, Elionor
of Sicily, and a discussion of the earliest European gunpowder
recipes, from Friuli (1336) and Augsburg (1338- c. 1350). The
volume also offers studies of the campaigns culminating in the
battles of Firad in 634 and Qinnasrin in 1134.
The study of medieval warfare has developed enormously in recent
years. The figure of the armoured mounted knight, who was believed
to have materialized in Carolingian times, long dominated all
discussion of the subject. It is now understood that the knight
emerged over a long period of time and that he was never alone on
the field of conflict. Infantry, at all times, played a substantial
role in conflict, and the notion that they were in some way
invented only in the fourteenth century is no longer sustainable.
Moreover, modern writers have examined campaigns which for long
seemed pointless because they did not lead to spectacular events
like battles. As a result, we now understand the pattern of
medieval war which often did not depend on battle but on exerting
pressure on the opponent by economic warfare. This pattern was
intensified by the existence of castles, and careful study has
revealed much about their development and the evolving means of
attacking them. Crusading warfare pitted westerners against a novel
style of war and affords an opportunity to assess the military
effectiveness of European methods. New areas of study are now
developing. The logistics of medieval armies was always badly
neglected, while until very recently there was a silence on the
victims of war. Assembled in this volume are 31 papers which
represent milestones in the development of the new ideas about
medieval warfare, set in context by an introductory essay.
This volume is concerned with the sources for the study of the
Crusades, conceived in terms of the records of their history and of
their enemies, the motives that inspired them, and the monuments
which they left behind. Some of the studies analyze particular
historical sources, both written and visual, for the events of the
Crusades and the history of the Crusader states. Others look more
broadly at the impact of the Crusading movement in the West, its
origins and its propaganda, from the first Crusade to the time of
Erasmus.
Highlights "the range and richness of scholarship on medieval
warfare, military institutions, and cultures of conflict that
characterize the field". History 95 (2010) The latest collection of
the most up-to-date research on matters of medieval military
history contains a remarkable geographical range, extending from
Spain and Britain to the southern steppe lands, by way of
Scandinavia, Byzantium, and the Crusader States. At one end of the
timescale is a study of population in the later Roman Empire and at
the other the Hundred Years War, touching on every century in
between. Topics include the hardware of war, the social origins of
soldiers, considerations of individual battles, and words for
weapons in Old Norse literature. Contributors: Bernard S. Bachrach,
Gary Baker, Michael Ehrlich, Nicholas A. Gribit, Nicolaos S.
Kanellopoulos,Mollie M. Madden, Kenneth J. McMullen, Craig M.
Nakashian, Mamuka Tsurtsumia, Andrew L.J. Villalon
The Journal of Medieval Military History continues to consolidate
its now assured position as the leading academic vehicle for
scholarly publication in the field of medieval warfare. Medieval
Warfare The articles here offer a wide range of approaches to
medieval warfare. They include traditional studies of strategy (on
Baybars) and the logistics of Edward II's wars, as well as cultural
history (an examination of chivalry in Guy of Warwick) intellectual
history (a broad analysis of strategic theory in the Middle Ages),
and social history (on knightly training in arms). The Hundred
Years War is studied using cutting-edge methodology
(data-drivenanalysis of skirmishes) and by tackling relatively new
areas of inquiry (environmental history). There is also a close
reading of Carolingian documents, which sheds new light on armies
and warfare in the time of Charles the Great. Contributors: Ronald
W. Braasch III, Pierre Galle, Walter Goffart, Carl I. Hammer, John
Hosler, Rabei G. Khamisy, Ilana Krug, Danny Lake-Giguere, Brian
Price.
The Journal of Medieval Military History continues to consolidate
its now assured position as the leading academic vehicle for
scholarly publication in the field of medieval warfare. Medieval
Warfare This volume has a special focus on the topic of proxy
actors and irregular forces in medieval warfare. John France and
Jochen G. Schenk offer broad overviews: France addresses the
military role of non-noble combatants and the significance of
differences between medieval and modern ideas of the "legitimacy"
of war-fighters, while Schenk applies a concept originating in
political science - Mary Kaldor's idea of "New Wars" - to the
conflicts of the Middle Ages, showing that in some ways, what is
old is new again. Alex Mallett likewise ties the past to the
present, comparing Muslim responses to the Crusades with modern
responses to the Western-led invasion of Iraq in 2003. Michael
Lower and Mike Carr, meanwhile, examine important groups of foreign
fighters employed by North African states and Byzantium. In
addition, the volume encompasses a study of Anglo-Norman siege
engines (by Michael Fulton), three pieces on war and politics in
fourteenth-century Iberia (by Douglas Biggs, Donald Kagay, and L.J.
Andrew Villalon), and David Green's magisterial survey of imperial
policy and military practice in the Plantagenet dominions in the
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Contributors: Douglas Biggs,
Mike Carr, Michael S. Fulton, David Green, Donald Kagay, Michael
Lower, Alex Mallett, Jochen Schenk, Andrew Villalon
Essays on strategic thinking and practice in medieval warfare. This
special edition of the Journal aims to respond to the lively debate
in recent years as to whether medieval military history was
characterized by particular types of strategy, be it Grand,
Vegetian or Battle-Seeking. Itbrings together many of the
pre-eminent military historians active today to examine a number of
cases that display the complexity and diversity of strategic
realities, as well as exploring new models and methodological
avenues inevaluating medieval strategies. Material ranges
chronologically from the late Roman Empire to the late Middle Ages,
and geographically from the Baltic and the British Isles to Iberia
and the Crusader States, while the topics explored include the
Viking Wars, the English long bow, and the economies of conquest.
LEIF INGE REE PETERSEN is Associate Professor of Late Antique and
Early Medieval History at the Norwegian University of Science and
Technology, Trondheim; MANUEL ROJAS GABRIEL is Professor of
Medieval History at the University of Extremadura, Caceres.
Contributors: Richard Abels, Bernard S. Bachrach, Matthew Bennett,
John France, Luis Garcia-Guijarro Ramos, John Gillingham, Dolores
Oliva Garcia, Leif Inge Ree Petersen, Manuel Rojas Gabriel.
Latest volume in the leading forum for debate on aspects of
medieval warfare. The tenth anniversary of the Journal includes
pieces by some of the most distinguished scholars of military
history, including an analysis of tenth-century Ottonian warfare on
the eastern frontier of the Empire by David andBernard Bachrach. As
ever, the contributions cover a wide span both chronologically
(from an analysis of the careers of Justinian's generals in the
sixth century, to a study of intelligence-gathering in the Guelders
War at the start of the sixteenth) and geographically (from Michael
Prestwich's transcription of excerpts from the Hagnaby chronicle
describing Edward I's wars in Wales, to a detailed treatment of the
Ottoman-Hungarian campaigns of 1442). Other papers address the
battle of Rio Salado (1340); the nature of chivalric warfare as
presented in the contemporary biography of "le bon duc" Louis de
Bourbon (1337-1410); and the military content of the Lay of the
Cid. Contributors: David Alan Parnell, Bernard S. Bachrach, David
Bachrach, Francisco García Fitz, Nicolás Agrait, Steven
Muhlberger, John J. Jefferson, James P. Ward, Michael Prestwich
A collection which highlights "the range and richness of
scholarship on medieval warfare, military institutions, and
cultures of conflict that characterize the field". History 95
[2010] The journal's hallmark of a broad chronological, geographic,
and thematic coverage of the subject is underlined in this volume.
It begins with an examination of the brief but fascinating career
of an armed league of (mostly) commoners who fought to suppress
mercenary bands and to impose a reign of peace in southern France
in 1182-1184. This is followed by a thorough re-examination of
Matilda of Tuscany's defeat of Henry IV in 1090-97. Two pieces on
Hispanic topics - a substantial analysis of the remarkable military
career of Jaime I "the Conqueror" of Aragon (r. 1208-1276), and a
case study of the campaigns of a single Spanish king, Enrique II of
Castile (r. 1366-79), contributingto the active debate over the
role of open battle in medieval strategy - come next. Shorter
essays deal with the size of the Mongol armies that threatened
Europe in the mid-thirteenth century, and with a surprising
literary description, dating to 1210-1220, of a knight employing
the advanced surgical technique of thoracentesis. Further
contributions correct the common misunderstanding of the nature of
deeds of arms a outrance in the fifteenth century, and dissect the
relevance of the "infantry revolution" and "artillery revolution"
to the French successes at the end of the Hundred Years War. The
final note explores what etymology can reveal about the origins of
the trebuchet. Clifford Rogers is Professor of History, West Point
Military Academy; Kelly DeVries is Professor of History, Loyola
College, Maryland; John France is Professor of History at the
University of Swansea. Contributors: John France, Valerie Eads, Don
Kagay, Carl Sverdrup, Jolyon T. Hughes, L. J. Andrew Villalon, Will
McLean, Anne Curry, Will Sayers
A collection which highlights "the range and richness of
scholarship on medieval warfare, military institutions, and
cultures of conflict that characterize the field". History 95
[2010] The comprehensive breadth and scope of the Journal are to
the fore in this issue, which ranges widely both geographically and
chronologically. The subjects of analysis are equally diverse, with
three contributions dealing with theCrusades, four with matters
related to the Hundred Years War, two with high-medieval Italy, one
with the Alans in the Byzantine-Catalan conflict of the early
fourteenth century, and one with the wars of the Duke of Cephalonia
inWestern Greece and Albania at the turn of the fifteenth century.
Topics include military careers, tactics and strategy, the
organization of urban defenses, close analysis of chronicle
sources, and cultural approaches to the acceptance of gunpowder
artillery and the prevalence of military "games" in Italian cities.
Contributors: T.S. Asbridge, A. Compton Reeves, Kelly DeVries,
Michael Ehrlich, Scott Jessee, Donald Kagay, Savvas Kyriakidis,
Randall Moffett, Aldo A. Settia, Charles D. Stanton, Georgios
Theotokis, L.J. Andrew Villalon, Anatoly Isaenko.
The Journal of Medieval Military History continues to consolidate
its now assured position as the leading academic vehicle for
scholarly publication in the field of medieval warfare. Medieval
Warfare This volume continues to reflect the vibrancy and diversity
of the field, through the rich variety of topics and methodologies
its chapters treat, and its geographical and chronological range.
It includes an analytical narrative of the eastern campaigns of
Henry II (1003-1017), demonstrating the strength and sophistication
of German military institutions in this early period; a
social-history approach to the First Crusade, looking at how
European trends towards increasing political participation by the
common people played out in the crusading army; an argument for
radical change in Scandinavian naval warfare in the thirteenth
century, including tactical innovations and the use of new types of
large warships; and a toponymonographical approach to the continued
presence of Pecheneg soldiers employing steppe tactics in Hungary
in the thirteenth century. There are also essays on the sources
used by English and French chroniclers to describe battles; the use
of practical experimentation to determine the importance of
different types of soft armor in helping mail to resist arrows; the
role and importance of cavalry in the siege-based warfare of the
later Hundred Years War; and the siege of Pisa in 1499, drawing on
archival records to illustrate the logistical challenges facing the
besiegers. The volume also includes freshly re-examined and
re-edited manuscript texts of late-medieval gunpowder recipes.
A new annual volume of original articles on all aspects of warfare
in the middle ages. Warfare is one of the central themes of
medieval history. Until now, however, there has been no journal
dedicated specifically to this area. The Journal of Medieval
Military History, the new annual journal of De Re Militari: The
Society for Medieval Military History will remedy this situation by
publishing top-quality scholarly articles on topics across the full
thematic and chronological ranges of the study of war in the middle
ages. Medieval societywas dominated by men who considered
themselves more as soldiers than landlords, judges or
administrators. More of society's resources went into
fortifications than cathedrals; deeds of arms were a topic rivalled
in literature only by love; and in many times and places the common
people dreaded war far more than famine or plague. War was the
greatest force in determining the evolution of medieval
governments. Although the study of war, its conduct and itsimpact,
has never been absent from medieval historiography, the past few
decades have seen this field rise to new prominence. Contributors:
EMILIE AMT, BERNARD BACHRACH, DOUGLAS BIGGS, CHARLES BOWLUS, JOHN
FRANCE, STEPHEN MORILLO, CLIFFORD ROGERS, and J.F. VERBRUGGEN.
The newest work on the Hundred Years War and other aspects of
military history in the late middle ages. This seventh volume of
the Journal of Medieval Military History has a particular focus on
western Europe in the late middle ages, and specifically the
Hundred Years War; however, the breadth and diversity of approaches
found in the modern study of medieval military history remains
evident. Some essays focus on specific texts and documents,
including Jean de Bueil's famous military treatise-cum-novel, Le
Jouvencel; other studies in the volumedeal with particular
campaigns, from naval operations to chevauchées of the
mid-fourteenth century. There are also examinations of English
military leaders of the Hundred Years War, approaching them from
prosopographical and biographical angles. The volume also includes
a seminal piece, newly translated from the Dutch, by J.F.
Verbruggen, in which he employs the financial records of Ghent and
Bruges to illuminate the arms of urban militiamen at the end ofthe
middle ages, and analyzes their significance for the art of war.
Contributors: RICHARD BARBER, PETER HOSKINS, NICOLAS SAVY, DOUGLAS
BIGGS, JOAO GOUVEIA MONTEIRO, GILBERT BOGNER, MATTHIEU CHAN TSIN,
J.F. VERBRUGGEN, NICHOLAS GRIBIT, CLIFFORD J. ROGERS.
Latest volume in the leading forum for debate on aspects of
medieval warfare. The essays in this latest edition of the Journal,
by leading experts in the field, are a witness to the flourishing
state of the subject, and provide significant contributions to
various important on-going debates and controversies. They include
wide-ranging discussions of state formation and the role of women
in medieval warfare, and an energetic argument against viewing
medieval warfare as cavalry-dominated. A trio of articles dealing
with issuesof bravery and cowardice, though based on Anglo-Saxon
and Anglo-Norman evidence, advance our knowledge of one of the
all-pervasive aspects of the military history of the middle ages.
Similarly, an experimentally-based study of theeffectiveness of
arrows against mail armor reaches conclusions that will cast light
on combat from Visigothic Spain to Crusader Outremer to
fifteenth-century Bohemia. In addition, the Journal includes
in-depth studies of Iberianwar-dogs, the naval battle of Zierikzee
at the start of the fourteenth century, and [reflecting the
editors' broad understanding of the scope of the field] the
war-related activities of Dutch magistrates at the turn of the
sixteenth century. Contributors: STEPHEN MORILLO, BERNARD S.
BACHRACH, RUSS MITCHELL, RICHARD ABELS, STEVEN ISAAC, WILLIAM
SAYERS, JAMES P. WARD, J. F. VERBRUGGEN, ROBERT BURNS
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