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Doping has become one of the most important and high-profile issues
in contemporary sport. Shocking cases such as that of Lance
Armstrong and the US Postal cycling team have exposed the
complicated relationships between athletes, teams, physicians,
sports governing bodies, drugs providers, and judicial systems, all
locked in a constant struggle for competitive advantage. The
Routledge Handbook of Drugs and Sport is simply the most
comprehensive and authoritative survey of social scientific
research on this hugely important issue ever to be published. It
presents an overview of key topics, problems, ideas, concepts and
cases across seven thematic sections, which include chapters
addressing: The history of doping in sport Philosophical approaches
to understanding doping The development of anti-doping policy
Studies of doping in seven major sports, including athletics,
cycling, baseball and soccer In-depth analysis of four of the most
prominent doping scandals in history, namely Ben Johnson,
institutionalized doping in the former GDR, the 1998 Tour de France
and Lance Armstrong WADA and the national anti-doping organizations
Key contemporary debates around strict liability, the
criminalization of doping, and zero tolerance versus harm reduction
Doping outside of elite sport, in gyms, the military and the
police. With contributions from many of the world's leading
researchers into drugs and sport, this book is the perfect starting
point for any advanced student, researcher, policy maker, coach or
administrator looking to develop their understanding of an issue
that has had, and will continue to have, a profound impact on the
development of sport.
Doping has become one of the most important and high-profile issues
in contemporary sport. Shocking cases such as that of Lance
Armstrong and the US Postal cycling team have exposed the
complicated relationships between athletes, teams, physicians,
sports governing bodies, drugs providers, and judicial systems, all
locked in a constant struggle for competitive advantage. The
Routledge Handbook of Drugs and Sport is simply the most
comprehensive and authoritative survey of social scientific
research on this hugely important issue ever to be published. It
presents an overview of key topics, problems, ideas, concepts and
cases across seven thematic sections, which include chapters
addressing: The history of doping in sport Philosophical approaches
to understanding doping The development of anti-doping policy
Studies of doping in seven major sports, including athletics,
cycling, baseball and soccer In-depth analysis of four of the most
prominent doping scandals in history, namely Ben Johnson,
institutionalized doping in the former GDR, the 1998 Tour de France
and Lance Armstrong WADA and the national anti-doping organizations
Key contemporary debates around strict liability, the
criminalization of doping, and zero tolerance versus harm reduction
Doping outside of elite sport, in gyms, the military and the
police. With contributions from many of the world's leading
researchers into drugs and sport, this book is the perfect starting
point for any advanced student, researcher, policy maker, coach or
administrator looking to develop their understanding of an issue
that has had, and will continue to have, a profound impact on the
development of sport.
In the Tour de France of 1998, for the first time ever, political
forces intervened to lay bare the comprehensive doping practices of
popular athletes, which had been covered up by the sports officials
as well as by journalists who might have exposed them. As these
dramatic raids made it clear that doping practices pervaded
professional cycling and as such put an end to the myth that doping
can simply be attributed to the moral defects of corrupt
individuals, suspicions grew that cycling was probably not the only
major sport in which doping was for many athletes a way of life.
This great Tour de France scandal of 1998 made possible a genuine
campaign against doping led by governments and sports officials. In
1999 this resulted in the creation of World Anti-Doping Agency
(WADA) by which the way was paved for a partnership between an
independent international body and the International Olympic
Committee (IOC). This arrangement has produced some notable
successes in the drug testing of elite athletes over the past
several years wherefore many observers may well believe that there
is today an effective global anti-doping consensus and that doping
is gradually being eliminated from major Olympic sports. The essays
appearing for the first time in this volume, however, show that
athletes who dope and those that pursue them are trapped in a
fateful conflict that is far more complicated than the familiar
story line suggests. The detect-and-punish strategy currently being
refined by WADA does not address some of the major dimensions of
the doping phenomenon: the rights and requirements of the
athlete-worker, the gradual legalisation of soft doping techniques,
nationalistic resistance to doping control, the perils of corporate
sponsorship, the expanding black market for doping drugs, the
publics tacit acceptance of doped athletes, and the cherished
illusion that the Olympic motto citius, altius, fortius is
compatible with the requirements of a drug-free sport in the 21'th
century. Doping and Public Policy argues that the current strategy
of condemnation and surveillance is not enough, and that it is time
to rethink anti-doping policy in the global context where it
belongs.
"Black & Blue" is the first systematic description of how
American doctors think about racial differences and how this kind
of thinking affects the treatment of their black patients. The
standard studies of medical racism examine past medical abuses of
black people and do not address the racially motivated thinking and
behaviors of physicians practicing medicine today.
"Black & Blue" penetrates the physician's private sphere where
racial fantasies and misinformation distort diagnoses and
treatments. Doctors have always absorbed the racial stereotypes and
folkloric beliefs about racial differences that permeate the
general population. Within the world of medicine this racial
folklore has infiltrated all of the medical sub-disciplines, from
cardiology to gynecology to psychiatry. Doctors have thus imposed
white or black racial identities upon every organ system of the
human body, along with racial interpretations of black children,
the black elderly, the black athlete, black musicality, black pain
thresholds, and other aspects of black minds and bodies. The
American medical establishment does not readily absorb either
historical or current information about medical racism. For this
reason, racial enlightenment will not reach medical schools until
the current race-aversive curricula include new historical and
sociological perspectives.
On August 26, 1960, twenty-three-year-old Danish cyclist Knud
Jensen, competing in that year's Rome Olympic Games, suddenly fell
from his bike and fractured his skull. His death hours later led to
rumors that performance-enhancing drugs were in his system. Though
certainly not the first instance of doping in the Olympic Games,
Jensen's death serves as the starting point for Thomas M. Hunt's
thoroughly researched, chronological history of the modern
relationship of doping to the Olympics. Utilizing concepts derived
from international relations theory, diplomatic history, and
administrative law, this work connects the issue to global
political relations. During the Cold War, national governments had
little reason to support effective anti-doping controls in the
Olympics. Both the United States and the Soviet Union
conceptualized power in sport as a means of impressing both friends
and rivals abroad. The resulting medals race motivated nations on
both sides of the Iron Curtain to allow drug regulatory powers to
remain with private sport authorities. Given the costs involved in
testing and the repercussions of drug scandals, these authorities
tried to avoid the issue whenever possible. But toward the end of
the Cold War, governments became more involved in the issue of
testing. Having historically been a combined scientific, ethical,
and political dilemma, obstacles to the elimination of doping in
the Olympics are becoming less restrained by political inertia.
Across the modern political spectrum, left-wing and right-wing
political theorists have invested sport with ideological
significance. That significance, however, varies distinctively and
characteristically with the ideology-a phenomenon John Hoberman
terms "ideological differentiation." Taking this phenomenon as its
point of departure, this provocative work interprets the major
sport ideologies of the twentieth century as distinct expressions
of political doctrine. Hoberman argues that a political ideology's
interpretation of sport is shaped in part by the value it assigns
to work and play as modes of experience; the political
anthropologies of right and left can be distinguished by examining
their resistance to-or affinity for-sportive imagery of their
leaders and of the state itself; there exists a fascist temperament
that shows an affinity to athleticism and the sphere of the body
that is not shared by the left. Tracing modern sport ideology back
to its premodern antecedents, Hoberman examines the interpretations
of sport that have been promulgated by European political
intellectuals, such as cultural conservatives and contemporary
neo-Marxists, and by the official ideologists of Nazi Germany, the
Soviet Union, the German Democratic Republic, and China before and
after Mao. As a form of mass theater, sport can advertise any
ideology. But the deeper relationship between sport and political
ideology has never before been explored wth such vigor. Presenting
the first general theory of sport and political ideology to appear
in any language, Hoberman's groundbreaking work is a unique and
invaluable contribution to the intellectual and political history
of sport in the twentieth century.
The recorded use of deadly force against unarmed suspects and
sustained protest from the Black Lives Matter movement, among
others, have ignited a national debate about excessive violence in
American policing. Missing from the debate, however, is any
discussion of a factor that is almost certainly contributing to the
violence-the use of anabolic steroids by police officers. Mounting
evidence from a wide range of credible sources suggests that many
cops are abusing testosterone and its synthetic derivatives. This
drug use is illegal and encourages a "steroidal" policing style
based on aggressive behaviors and hulking physiques that diminishes
public trust in law enforcement. Dopers in Uniform offers the first
assessment of the dimensions and consequences of the felony use of
anabolic steroids in major urban police departments. Marshalling an
array of evidence, John Hoberman refutes the frequent claim that
police steroid use is limited to a few "bad apples," explains how
the "Blue Wall of Silence" stymies the collection of data, and
introduces readers to the broader marketplace for androgenic drugs.
He then turns his attention to the people and organizations at the
heart of police culture: the police chiefs who often see scandals
involving steroid use as a distraction from dealing with more
dramatic forms of misconduct and the police unions that fight
against steroid testing by claiming an officer's "right to privacy"
is of greater importance. Hoberman's findings clearly demonstrate
the crucial need to analyze and expose the police steroid culture
for the purpose of formulating a public policy to deal with its
dysfunctional effects.
"Black & Blue" is the first systematic description of how
American doctors think about racial differences and how this kind
of thinking affects the treatment of their black patients. The
standard studies of medical racism examine past medical abuses of
black people and do not address the racially motivated thinking and
behaviors of physicians practicing medicine today."Black &
Blue" penetrates the physicianOCOs private sphere where racial
fantasies and misinformation distort diagnoses and treatments.
Doctors have always absorbed the racial stereotypes and folkloric
beliefs about racial differences that permeate the general
population. Within the world of medicine this racial folklore has
infiltrated all of the medical sub-disciplines, from cardiology to
gynecology to psychiatry. Doctors have thus imposed white or black
racial identities upon every organ system of the human body, along
with racial interpretations of black children, the black elderly,
the black athlete, black musicality, black pain thresholds, and
other aspects of black minds and bodies. The American medical
establishment does not readily absorb either historical or current
information about medical racism. For this reason, racial
enlightenment will not reach medical schools until the current
race-aversive curricula include new historical and sociological
perspectives."
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