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For every gallon of ink that has been spilt on the trans-Atlantic
slave trade and its consequences, only one very small drop has been
spent on the study of the forced migration of black Africans into
the Mediterranean world of Islam. From the ninth to the early
twentieth century, probably as many black Africans were forcibly
taken across the Sahara, up the Nile valley, and across the Red
Sea, as were transported across the Atlantic in a much shorter
period. Yet their story has not yet been told. This book provides
an introduction to this ""other"" slave trade, and to the Islamic
cultural context within which it took place, as well as the effect
this context had on those who were its victims. After an
introductory essay, there are sections on Basic Texts (Qur'an and
Hadith), Some Muslim Views on Slavery, Slavery and the Law,
Perceptions of Africans in Some Arabic and Turkish Writings, Slave
Capture, the Middle Passage, Slave Markets, Eunuchs and Concubines,
Domestic Service, Military Service, Religion and Community, Freedom
and Post-Slavery, and the Abolition of Slavery. A concluding
segment provides a first-person account of the capture,
transportation, and service in a Saharan oasis by a West African
male, as related to a French official in the 1930s.
For every gallon of ink that has been spilt on the trans-Atlantic
slave trade and its consequences, only one very small drop has been
spent on the study of the forced migration of black Africans into
the Mediterranean world of Islam. From the ninth to the early
twentieth century, probably as many black Africans were forcibly
taken across the Sahara, up the Nile valley, and across the Red
Sea, as were transported across the Atlantic in a much shorter
period. Yet their story has not yet been told. This book provides
an introduction to this ""other"" slave trade, and to the Islamic
cultural context within which it took place, as well as the effect
this context had on those who were its victims. After an
introductory essay, there are sections on Basic Texts (Qur'an and
Hadith), Some Muslim Views on Slavery, Slavery and the Law,
Perceptions of Africans in Some Arabic and Turkish Writings, Slave
Capture, the Middle Passage, Slave Markets, Eunuchs and Concubines,
Domestic Service, Military Service, Religion and Community, Freedom
and Post-Slavery, and the Abolition of Slavery. A concluding
segment provides a first-person account of the capture,
transportation, and service in a Saharan oasis by a West African
male, as related to a French official in the 1930s.
This book is an objective study of the state of Islam in Senegal
and of the religious factors that influence it. Islam in Senegal is
characterized by the strong intrenchment of a certain number of
Sufi brotherhoods. In effect, the majority of Senegal's 7,600,000
Muslims consider adherence to a brotherhood, a tariqa, to be a
religious obligation, in keeping with the well-known Sufi maxim
""He who does not have a shaykh will have Satan for a guide.""
Mbacke traces the genesis and evolution of Sufism in order to
explain the circumstances that permitted the emergence of Sufi
brotherhoods. He describes the brotherhoods that are currently
active in Senegal and depicts the means and manner of their
diffusion, the lives of their founding figures, their basic
teachings, their internal organization, the links they maintain
with each other, and the role they play in the country's cultural,
economic, social and political life. The book uses its study of the
present condition of Senegal's Sufi brotherhoods to speculate on
their future evolution.
West Africa is defined as the area south of the Sahara between the
Atlantic and Lake Chad, encompassing the Sahel zone, tropical
forests, and pasturelands. West Africans speak languages belonging
to three major families: Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan, and
Afro-Asiatic, as well as the official languages, French and
English, introduced in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The
language of scholarship and learning has been Arabic since the
seventh century, when Arab merchants, soldiers, and missionaries
came south and established major trade routes. Timbuktu became a
center of commerce and learning, and kingdoms such as Ancient Ghana
emerged as major regional powers. This study, which provides an
overview of the region's history from medieval times to the
twentieth century, traces the developments following colonialism;
the effects of Arab nationalism on West African politics; the role
of the Israelis in helping to develop new states; the politics of
OPEC; and the rise of Islamic extremism.
John Hunwick's concise but poignant study of a single Jewish
community in the North-Western Sahara provides an African-based
refutation to the myth of a pre-Zionist ""Golden Era"" between
Muslims and Jews. Thoroughly exploiting the extant (if scant)
Arabic writings on the subject, Hunwick examines the rise and purge
of a Jewish communal outpost of Tlemcen (now Algeria), which lay in
the Touat oasis more than a third of the way to Timbuktu (where
Jews also participated in the trans-Saharan trade).Muhammad
al-Maghili was a Tlemcen-born cleric who, sometime in the
mid-1400s, took violent exception not only to the prosperity of the
Jews, but also to their very presence in the midst of Touat.
Hunwick implies that al-Maghili's enmity stemmed from economic envy
or rage...Al-Maghili then went on to counsel, successfully,
banishment of Jews from the Songhay Empire.
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